Nokia Essays - Brand Management, Marketing, Nokia, CAC 40

Nokia Nokia SWOT STRENGTHS Nokia has long established identity (1898); lots of available resources (financial, etc.) Schmohl is experienced in international marketing (Adidas and Uniroyal) Nokia has high penetration rate in Europe, especially in Northern countries (close to 100%) Nokia Consumer Electronics has access to innovative technology through group companies WEAKNESSES Lack of centralized marketing strategy and champion; completely different positioning strategy depending on the country Too many brand names (100) in one market; problem trying to find balance Corporate culture is highly technical and operational: So what if the customer does not understand!; lack of customer service priority OPPORTUNITIES Potential for brand name sales in Europe = differentiation Growing replacement and supplement television market NCE has opportunity of using its technology to enhance user-friendliness THREATS The market for color TVs and VCRs is a mature/saturated market; consumers are buying less often and only to replace older units (same trend for all countries across Europe) Can't differentiate based on technical advancement or price; competitors too fast to match Impact of recent purchases (for example, Sony) and mergers is unknown; competitors are getting larger and integrating supply chains Competitors (Samsung, Goldstar, Daewoo) quickly and successfully building brand name and image Branding Strategy In the colour TV market, neither technology nor price provides a competitive advantage. The decision a consumer makes to purchase is primarily motivated by emotion, and is driven largely by comfort level with a particular brand. A successful branding strategy for NCE is, therefore, critical to gaining a competitive advantage. Specifically, NCE should brand for the following reasons: Competitive advantage is gained through brand name (not technology or price) According to brand awareness studies, Nokia is recognized most of the time (in Germany, France, Italy, UK and Norway), but not necessarily affiliated with consumer electronics such as TVs and VCRs Consumers buy televisions based on emotion Consumers perceive value in features that are marketed as user-friendly In the past Nokia has relied heavily on its ability to innovate?it is a strong technology company. However, it is not good at introducing or packaging this technology for consumers. Schmohl must introduce a new mindset to NCE; a strategic shift that encourages customer service and international marketing. Internal Management Challenge Schmohl faces at least two challenges within NCE that he must address immediately: 1. Lack of a marketing champion in corporate headquarters 2. A continued reliance on technology as the main marketing approach. For example, the remote control TV mouse is centered on technology and may frighten away potential customers who may perceive it as too technical. Options for solving these include: (1) push down his ideas and force all to comply using his positional power; (2) soft approach?gradually getting buy-in to his plans from technical representative, sales and marketing. Option 1 is not viable since even though it may result in short-term agreement, it will result in resignations, poor morale and distrust in senior management over the long run. Since the change process can be slow, Schmohl should adopt option 2 that means getting buy-in at the senior management level. If there is disagreement at the highest level of the company on international marketing strategy, then the same can be expected throughout the ranks of the company. For example, the vice-president of engineering may agree on the surface, but tell his employees to continue to do what they have always done (don't play the new marketing tapes at the fairs, etc.). Getting Buy-in from the Dealer Network The dealer network is critical to their branding strategy. If a dealer is not satisfied or confident with a manufacturers market position, they may lead a potential buyer to a competitive brand. NCE must maintain its strong brand-marketing program. And it needs to dealers to support them or they will fail. To do this, Schmohl should be willing to increase margins to dealers or incentive programs to encourage them to sell the Nokia brand vision and concept. Ultimately a successful marketing campaign will draw customers into the dealer's door. If Nokia is foremost in their mind, we want the dealer to sell them Nokia, not attempt to switch to a competitive brand. Customer Brand Awareness and Association The Nokia brand name

The War On Alcohol Essay Example For Students

The War On Alcohol Essay A CAPITAL OR OTHERWISE INFAMOUS CRIME NOR BE DEPRIVED OF LIFE WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW THE DEATH PENALTY UPHOLD THE CONSTITUTION BY PROTECTING THE PUBLIC AND RIDDING THE COUNTRY OF OFFENDERS WITH DUE PROCESS OF LAW. From 1882 through 1951 there were 4,730 recorded lynchings by vigilantes in the U.S, with many of them being highly public affairs. Even when miscreants were afforded a trial and executed in accordance with law, such events were often local in nature. For example, while states such as New York electrocuted condemned prisoners at Sing Sings electric chair as early as the late 19th century, in states such as Missouri hangings were conducted at local county jails as late as 1937. We will write a custom essay on The War On Alcohol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The race and the crime seem to play a huge role in the determination of the sentencing. For example if a black male had stolen like a candy bar out of a store, and got 10 years, that proves its more than likely an issue of race than the crime. But also if a black man murders someone, the death penalty is probably going to be a sentence, and a sentence of justice in my opinion. In a lot of state death penalty cases, the race of the victim is much more important than the prior criminal record of the defendant, or the actual circumstances of the crime. A study by the Bureau of Justice stated that more than one-half of people the people on death row are of color. Race and the crime are a very important factor in determining who is going to be sentenced to die. Several studies have been shown that the role of race in the death penalty, they include a study in 1990, a report from the General Accounting Office that stated that in 82 of the cases reviewed the race of the victim was found to influence the punishment for the crime. A black man who kills a white person is 11 times more likely to receive a death sentence than if a white person kills a black stated John Monty of the Bureau of Justice. And of blacks, which kill blacks, they even have less to worry about; its almost like saying, oh, well, he needed killing anyhow! In 1991, in Texas, blacks made up 12% of the population, but 48% of the prison population and 55.5% of those on death row are black says the death penalty information center. Since 1988, the federal government has reviewed 92 death penalty cases. Of these cases; 56 defendants were black, 11 were Hispanic, 5 were Asian, and 20 were Caucasian. From 1930 through 1989, 3,939 people were executed in the United States, and 54% of them were black. In my opinion, the death penalty is a must. Baring in mind that the idea of putting another human to death is hard to completely fathom. The physical mechanics involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death sentence on another person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond my own understanding. I know it must be painful, dehumanizing, and sickening. However, this act is sometimes necessary and it is our responsibility

Net Effects essays

Net Effects essays The excessive amount of entertaining hours spent on the "International Super Highway" is simply not worth the long-term effects that come with it. Though the Internet provides the material joys of life - music, movies, games - as well as worldwide communication 24 hours a day, the 'Net does have it's set-backs. A few effects of Internet addiction include: "house -arrest," fallen grades at school, as well as the breaking up of personal relationships. When the need to go on the Internet becomes an addiction, staying at home is common ground. It becomes a routine of spending hours in front of the computer from dawn till dust, only leaving the screen for a snack or short break. In addition, the immeasurable amount of hours devoted to the Internet, neglects the time spent for homework and studying for school. Eventually, grades do fall and poor time management is certain. Grades are not the only elements that fall apart, but as do personal relationships with family and friends. Th e need to spend time on the computer rather than with those who are near and dear to you can most certainly break the bonds of a relationship. Similar to studies, friends and family can be neglected as well. Undoubtedly, spending an excessive amount of time on the Internet can result in drastic consequences. It can not only be addicting, but it can also lead to a negative change in your academics, and but personal life for sure. The saying that "Too much of anything, isn't good for you," proves accurate in Internet usage. ...

Abortion and Politics essays

Abortion and Politics essays abortion: n. 1. Induced termination of a pregnancy and expulsion of an embryo or fetus that is incapable of survival. 2. A miscarriage. 3. Cessation of normal growth, esp. of a body part, prior to full development or maturation. 4. An aborted organism. 5. Something malformed or incompletely developed; a monstrosity. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. So wrote the founders of our country: the authors of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. They stated that one of our most undeniable rights, as a citizen in this country, is the right to life. But when does life begin? It is the question that has fueled the debate over abortion since the landmark Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973. Although the controversy regarding the issue has traditionally fallen to a more religious and moral debate, it still has powerful political implications and can easily stir great amounts of emotion in the political arena. Women had been obtaining abortions illegally for countless years before Roe, and the public was calling for change. The political fervor led to a climax when Jane Roe entered the courts challenging the abortion law in her state of Texas. The Texas State law regarding abortion had remained virtually unchanged since its establishment in 1857. The law stated that it was a crime to procure an abortion except in the event that it was procured or attempted by medical advice for the purpose of saving the life of the mother. Jane Roe (a pseudonym since she wanted to remain anonymous) brought her case that challenged the law to the Supreme Court. Roes lawyers realized that by the time the lawsuit would be heard, the plaintiff would no longer be pregnant; therefore, they brought the s...

The Elements of Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Elements of Poetry - Essay Example Both the poets talks about their childhood experiences in a different mood. Sharon Olds Born was born in San Francisco on November 19, 1942, and she earned a BA at Stanford University and a PhD at Columbia University. Her poetry talks about life and acceptance and one of the reviewer for New York Times writes’ "Her work has a robust sensuality, a delight in the physical that is almost Whitmanesque. She has made the minutiae of a woman's everyday life as valid a subject for poetry as the grand abstract themes that have preoccupied other poets" (Olds). Robert Hayden was born on August 4, 1913 and he was a celebrated American poet and an educator. The poems â€Å"Late Poem to My Father† by Sharon Olds and â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden portrays their childhood life and takes the readers on an emotional journey. Sharon Olds’ poem â€Å"Late Poem to My Father† illustrates the effect of a childhood trauma and how it can effect adulthood. The tone of the poem is sad and it evoke the traumatic childhood of her father. The narrator gives her childhood a voice and she experienced an epiphany in which she tries to understand her father’s abusive behavior and even forgive him for all the heartache.

R#4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

R#4 - Essay Example According to the author, the term emergent bilingualism associates with a development process among the learners, and it is likely to motivate them to be efficient in learning English. In addition, referring to the children as second language learners creates an impression that they are, and may always be, inferior to native speakers. Garcia’s explanation of the basis of the American classification of limited English learners also explains the classification’s discriminative scope that could lead to stigmatization. Using the term emergent bilingualism is therefore better for psychological and social well being of the non-native children (Garcia, 2009, page 322, Line 18- 29, Page 323, Line 1- 16). The concept of emergent bilingualism is also significant to educators, whose objective is to promote learning outcomes. In using the concept, educators will be focusing on positive aspects of the students’ language background and appreciating the student’s native language could also help them to understand English and even improve their proficiency. Bentham & Hutchins (2012, Page 22, Line, 1-4) argues that children are the target of learning and therefore define their learning environment and things that motivate them. Creating a negative attitude among children, by calling then second language learners or limited English proficient students will therefore promote an environment of negative attitude and lack of motivation. A transition to the concept of emerging bilingualism will therefore help teachers to facilitate students’ performance. Similarly, the concept is likely to promote a positive approach to policy making by focusing on the students’ strengt hs instead of weakness (Garcia, 2009, Page 323, Line 1-4). I also agree with Garcia’s opinion that bilingualism will be an important aspect of the society (Garcia, 2009, Page 325, Line 14-17), and this is because of the increasing wave of

The Concept of Choice Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Concept of Choice Architecture - Essay Example The present research has identified that in many of the publications concerning choice architecture, the idea of using choice architecture to make better choices has been emphasized. This is called libertarian paternalism which advocates freedom of choice. As such, people should be free to make choices and to opt out of programs as they wish. In 2012 a Committee of MPs suggested a relaxation of the NEST pension scheme in order to make it more attractive. This would involve elimination of the limit on how much can be paid in and the transfer of existing pension pots into the pension scheme. Currently, the workplace pension policy implemented by the UK government allows employees to opt out of the plan. Hence, the ability to opt out of the plan reflects libertarian paternalism. The resulting impact is that the employers as well as the government – as choice architects – have pointed the employees to a direction where they can attain a greater benefit. Meaning, the choice architects have enabled employees to make better choices that benefit them. The involvement of choice architects in libertarian paternalism is of vital importance. Choice architects enable better choices by nudging people. Nudge is an action used figuratively to suggest enablement or encouragement of people so that better choices can be made. So a choice architect points the individual to the decision which is beneficial but without restricting one’s freedom of choice or attempting to influence their choices or forcing the outcome on them. In the end choice architecture is an approach to make better decisions by focusing on intricacies and directing the decision maker through a relevant context.

Hazardous waste management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Hazardous waste management - Essay Example In line with this, it is common place for industries to reclaim, or recover spent solvents such as acetones from waste products. In addition, industries reclaim some metals from hazardous waste materials from industrial facilities to recover metals such as lead, which is the most reclaimed metal from industrial waste (EPA, 2013). It is essential to point out that recycling of hazardous waste does not only involve the aspect of reclaiming useful products from waste materials. However, industries also reuse the waste that they produced in their manufacturing processes. For example, industries that deal with smelting of zinc reuse the hazardous waste products they produce during the processing of zinc. In this regard, these industries return the emission control dust into the furnace that was primarily smelting the zinc (EPA, 2013). In effect, these industries reuse this waste product and ensure that the hazardous waste does not pollute the environment. On the other hand, it is vital to point out that hazardous waste products can be used directly into the land, which makes the land fertile, or incorporated into other products that make fertilizer (EPA,

Presentation Critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation Critiques - Essay Example The presentation also included real life examples of people who had been highly successful as civilized engineers. The listeners were expected to be effective in having an ethical approach in all the future engineering tasks. The information as delivered by the presenter would be beneficial in different engineering. The approach of the presentation was generic so as to be beneficial for the diverse nature of the audience. The presentation was carefully planned and delivered in a proper scientific manner. The information delivered was precise, properly arranged and was specific to the context. The slides had a good flow and continuity giving it a good narrative style. Catchy slide backgrounds and attractive color settings gave the audience a good visual effect. The selection of the font and other settings could add more authenticity to the whole presentation. Through the slide styles, the presenter ensured to be serious in areas required and to be jovial wherever required. The presenter also did well with the fluency in flow of information. The language chosen by the presenter to connect between two slides made the presentation quite attractive. The prime element of attraction in the narration of the presenter was that it could give an exact idea to the audience on what to expect in the slides which followed. However, the presenter lacked the skill to communicate to the crowd through the body language . There was hardly any eye contact with the audience. This made the presentation totally non interactive. However the use of proper animations and graphics in the slides negated this lacking and made the audience concentrate right from the beginning till the end of the presentation. A number of tables were included in the slides which explained the factual quite efficiently. The bulleted captions gave precise direction to the audience. These elements along with the diagrams made the slides interesting and thus could get the full attention of

Q8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Q8 - Essay Example ast that everyone has difficulty keeping up with them and developing conclusive interpretations about their effects on organizations (Weitz and Shenhav 2000). The balanced-scorecard measures would help to identify advances in technology, especially computer, information, and communications technology, have presented organizations and managers with dramatic new challenges and opportunities, and researchers have been pressing to develop the theoretical and research grounding needed to understand and manage these developments. The rapid advent of computer applications, the Internet, and other forms of information and communication technology have major implications for organizations and their management, but people have trouble saying exactly what effects they have and why. As for effects on public organizations, especially until recently, research has been scarce. The rational for the balanced-scorecard is to investigate and analyze new trends in information systems application and the ir impact on communication, effects on corporate design, structure and productivity. The framework helps to explain why even very similar technological initiatives can have very different outcomes, because of different organizational and institutional influences on their implementation. Fountain also describes how such influences raise formidable challenges for successful utilization in government, given the strong, often entrenched organizational and institutional influences. These components of the framework combine to influence the way technological initiatives play out (Castellano and Young, 2006). 2. The main criteria I will use to assess the information technology are desirability and efficiency test. The objectives of the analysis are to (1) identify the main applications of information technology in a given organization; (2) analyze their impact on a corporate organization, (3) identify the main trends and factors which influence implementation of information technology and (4)

Woodrow Wilsons Scandal

Woodrow Wilsons Scandal Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States. Wilson was born on December 28th, 1856, he was an American scholar who was best remembered for leading the United States into World War I. Woodrow was born into a religious family and also very well-educated. In 1885 future President Wilson married his first wife, Ellen Louise Axson. Ellen was the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. Wilson and Axson met at her fathers church in Rome, Georgia, they were instantly attracted to each other, together they shared a strong religious belief and an even stronger passion for arts and reading. A year into Woodrows presidency, Ellen succumbed to kidney failure brought on by Brights disease. Brights disease is involving chronic inflammation of the kidneys. The main individual involved in Woodrow Wilsons engagement/affair was Woodrow Wilson who was the 28th president and was born in 1856. Ellen Louise Axson who was born in Savannah, Georgia, graduated from Romeis Female College and was recognized for her artistic ability, she had 3 children and one died in 1905, then Axson died on August 6, 1914. Woodrow married Ellen Axson and had 3 children, Axson died then a year later after her death Wilson married Edith Galt.Galt was married to Wilson in 1915 and believes to be a descendent of Pocahontas. Wilsons affair started in his marriage with Ellen and went through his marriage with Edith. Woodrow had an affair with Mary Allen Hulbert. Hulbert met Wilson when he showed up at her door and said he was on a mission of national urgency. This scandal has many facts to prove what has happened. It was during Wilsons tenure at Princeton University that Ellen found herself in the role of the betrayed wife (Wilson A portrait). During this time Ellen had sent Wilson alone to Bermuda while she stayed home to watch after the children. Wilson was absolutely devastated by Ellens death she had been his greatest emotional support. And now suddenly she was taken away (Wilson A portrait). Before Ellen passed away she was always concerned with her husbands well being, she had the family physician make a promise to her to always make sure to look after Wilson when she no longer could. Wilson wandered alone through the White House. He was heard by his staff to mutter one phrase, again and again My God, what am I to do? (Wilson A portrait). Wilson wanted to love and support a strong woman like Ellen. Wilson was not a widower for long. He met and married Edith Bolling Galt, in December 1915 (Woodrow Wilson marries Ellen Axson in Sav annah, Georgia). The couple was introduced by Wilsons cousin and a mutual friend. In 1916 when the presidential campaign started to fire up, many of the advisors for Wilson worried that his marriage to Edith so soon after his first wifes death would become a political responsibility. Edith Bolling Galt, with whom he was in love, and would soon marry (An Honorable Affair). Edith was always at Wilsons side but her presence irritated and frustrated Wilsons advisors. ..she was accused of signing Wilsons signature without consulting him, though she insisted this was not the case and blamed the accusations on her husbands political opponents (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). In October of 1919 Wilson suffered a stroke while touring the nation to promote his plan for the League of Nations, the League of Nations was an international organization designed to prevent any further conflicts like World War I. During Wilsons recovery from the stroke Edith consumed the role of steward, screening his mail and official papers. Hulbert and Wilson met in 1907 in midwinter on the island of Bermuda. She was 44 and temporarily alone, on her yearly escape from a loveless marriage in Massachusetts. Wilson was 50, then president of Princeton University, also vacationing alone, decompressing from a grueling fight with university trustees and a popular dean over the disposition of private endowments to the graduate school. Ellen, was back in New Jersey, ailing, beset by a depression that strained their marriage (An Honorable Affair). In Bermuda the bougainvillea, a flower, was in bloom. Bermuda was the setting for an affair, Hulbert owned Shoreby, a huge, estate on the island. Hulbert entertained governors and captains of industry like Mark Twain. She was everything the Princeton president was not, vivacious, free spirited, and fun loving. Hulbert was to have said; if any letters are to exist they would only be from Wilson and give him a bad reputation. Wilson was said to ha ve been a virgin until his first marriage at 28. His long face and glasses gave him a look of impossible correct thinking, and the high starched collars and stovepipe hat in which he was frequently photographed in. Wilson seemed more modern but also unapproachable. The story of the alleged love affair, more or less, died with her Dearest friend is how the married Woodrow Wilson addresses his most ardent letters to Hulbert. With infinite tenderness is how he signs them. He was smitten (An Honorable Affair). The time of this affair ranges from 1885 to 1961. In 1885 Wilson married Ellen Axson, although they both became instantly attracted to each other they did not marry until 1885, because Ellen was unwilling to leave her heartbroken father. 27 years later, Wilson became president and Ellen became the 28th first lady; of those who knew Ellen in the White House they described her as calm and sweet, a motherly woman, pretty, and refined (Ellen Axson Wilson). In 1914 Ellen died at the age of 54, it was still the Victorian Age. Doctors didnt share any prognosis they didnt know of with the patient or the patients family, but Dr. Grayson knew Ellen, she was a steel magnolia who demanded the truth. A year after Ellens death Wilson married Edith Galt in 1915. Edith, who claimed to be directly descended from Pocahontas, was the wealthy widow of a jewelry store owner and a member of Washington high society (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). In 1916 Wilson had an affair with Mary Allen Hu lbert. Theirs may have been the most proper and dignified and discreet and downright honorable illicit affair in history. Hulbert, the woman in the hotel room, was said to have possessed compromising letters that attested to a lengthy extramarital dalliance between herself and Wilson (An Honorable Affair). 1919, Wilson had suffered a stroke. 8,000 miles in 22 days had cost Wilson his health, Wilson had just cut his tour short of the country to promote the League of Nations. Wilsons suffered constant headaches, collapsing from exhaustion in Colorado, he managed to return back to Washington to suffer a near-fatal stroke on October 2nd. Wilson left office in March of 1921, he and a partner established a law firm, Wilson died at his home on February 3, 1924 at the age of 67. Woodrow was buried in the Washington National Cathedral and he was the only president to be buried in the nations capital. Circumstances surrounding this case are results of an affair between Woodrow Wilson and Mary Allen Hulbert. That a serious sex scandal would have been devastating to Wilsons presidency, and eroded his moral authority at a critical time in history (An Honorable Affair). Hulbert said that any letters that could possibly exist would only hurt Wilsons credit and further burnish his good name. When rumors of an affair initially surfaced during Wilsons first presidential campaign in 1912, his opponent, Teddy Roosevelt, peremptorily dismissed them: You cant cast a man as a Romeo when he looks and acts so much like an apothecarys clerk (An Honorable Affair). Wilson had an eventful eight-years of presidency, the gossip of Mary Hulbert then known as by her married name, Mary Peck, escalated. , the presidents second wife, tens of thousands of his personal papers became available for publication by the Liberty of Congress (An Honorable Affair). These papers, Hulbert sold to an official biographe r, long after Wilson passed. All along There had long been rumors to that effect. Hulbert and Wilson had long denied them. But now there was, apparently, an offer on the table (An Honorable Affair). This rumor was never proven because Mary Hulbert wouldnt talk, Ms. Hulbert claims that the only letters that could possibly be found would be the ones that Wilson sent to her. The government was affected in many ways. enjoyed having her sit in the Oval Office while he conducted business, which led to accusations that she had undue influence over who was allowed access to the president (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). At this time Wilson was recovering from his stroke, Galt assumed the role of looking after Wilson, screening his mail and official papers. In their first year she convinced her scrupulous husband that it would be perfectly proper to invite influential legislators to a private dinner, and when such an evening led to an agreement on a tariff bill, he told a friend, You see what a wise wife I have! (Ellen Axson Wilson). The Wilsons preferred to being without an inaugural ball and the First Ladys entertainments were simple, but her disorganized feelings made her partys successful. The story of the alleged hotel room bribe appeared in the 1925 series of memories Hulbert wrote for the Liberty magazine, a year after Wilsons death. When i t was published, there was a one-day furor in Congress. Rep. Frank Reid, an Illinois Democrat, introduced a resolution demanding an investigation (An Honorable Affair). If Hulbert would have been right there had been much effort to give up on an innocent man and underestimate the Constitution for political gain. During this time he would abandon his lifelong caution, initiating a series of moves that would lead to his resignation from Princeton (An Honorable Affair). This would cause a political career that would lead him first to the governorship of New Jersey and then to one of the great presidents in American history. Wilson lost stature as an academic administrators but gained a national reputation as a fighter for intellectual freedom and an enemy of the monied elite (An Honorable Affair). Speaking before the next graduating class when his letters indicated a growing passion for Hulbert, he told the graduates that there are things one does for duty and things one does for joy. Had President Wilson not met Edith Galt and had been defeated in the 1916 re-election, Wilson might have married Mary Hulbert. But for a presidential candidate to have acknowledge any serious intentions toward her, a divorce, would have been, social and political suicide.The story of her alleged love affair, more or less, died with her (An Honorable Affair). Edith Wilson may never have been able to read the letters her husband wrote to Hulbert but in her last years she told Wilsons scholars Arthur S. Link and David W. Hirst that there probably wasnt much of anything in them. For the rest of Ediths life she was dedicated above all else to preserve her husbands image of greatness. As the 1916 presidential campaign heated up, many of Wilsons advisors worried that his whirlwind courtship and marriage to Edith so soon after his first wifes death would become a political liability (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). A man and a woman loved and respected each other. They did not permit whatever passion they shared to destroy marriage. What happend, happend. They took it it to their graves. Whatever degree of intimacy they enjoyed, the details should remain as one might argue these matters should remain completely, eternally, gloriously private (An Honorable Affair). Hulbert always found men with agendas, and politicians more attractive but she always denied it. It was said by Gene Weingarten that Wilson and Hulbert loved each other and that the relationship they had was a mystery to Wilsons presidency. Weingarten also had the question of But were they lovers? (An Honorable Affair). When the married Wilson addressed his letters to Hulbert it would start with Dearest friend and signed With infinite tenderness. Wilson told Hulbert he missed her when she was not in Bermuda while he was. Yet she must have instinctively realized that Wilsons secret romance had been restorative and life enhancing to h im and that, she, too, owed a debt of gratitude to Mary Hulbert (An Honorable Affair).

Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Introduction Climate change is a major world issue, average temperatures have risen across the globe by 1oC between 1906 and 2005 with a more rapid increase over the last 50 years (Conserve Energy Future, 2017], this rise has been attributed to global warming (McGrath, 2017). Emissions of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) contribute to this global warming and are known as greenhouse gases (NASA, 2017), though the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States of America stated in 2017 that CO2 was not a primary contributor to global climate change (McGrath, 2017). Energy use is a major producer of these greenhouse gases, governments around the world have put in place measures to reduce the production of these gases by introducing rules to improve energy efficiency (Conserve Energy Future, 2017]. In the UK energy use, can be broken down into 4 main areas, Transport, Domestic, Industrial and Services Sector (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). This report will look at energy usage of buildings and techniques that can be utilised to improve a buildings energy efficiency. UK Energy Usage The breakdown of the UKs energy usage across the 4 main areas in 2015 was as follows (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016): Transport 40% Domestic 29% Industry 17% Services Sector 14% The fuels used to provide this energy were a mixture of Gas, Electricity, Solid fuels, Petroleum and Bioenergy (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Both industry and transport use large amounts of energy undertaking their processes be it production lines or the operation of various modes of transport such as trains or buses rather than the running of buildings (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Energy usage is fundamental to the operation of any building be it for lighting, heating, cooling, cooking or other services such as lifts (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), with most of this energy being provided by either gas or electricity (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Thus, Improving the energy efficiency of a building can considerable reduce the amount of energy that is used. Over the last 30 years there has been a considerable increase in energy usage by office blocks due to the rise in the use of technologies such as large computers and the increased use of air conditioning systems (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). In the service sector office buildings are second to retail units in the levels of energy that they consume, and these office buildings contribute to 1.1% of the UK CO2 emissions each year (Pothitou, Connaughton and Torriti, 2015). Figure 1: Energy Usage of a standard Office and Efficient Office, Source: (Knissel, 1999) To become more energy efficient a building needs to use less energy to undertake the same tasks or role (International Energy Agency, 2017), as figure 1 above shows, improvements from a standard office block to a super-efficient office block can reduce energy usage by 70% (Knissel, 1999) Lighting In a commercial office, the lighting uses up to 50% of all the electricity consumed (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) and 35% of the total the energy consumption of the building (Knissel, 1999). Lighting can be broken down into several types these being access lighting, task lighting, emergency lighting and effects lighting (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). For a building to become more energy efficient attention needs to be paid to the lighting design to reduce the level of usage, technological advances mean that improvements in the efficiencies of lighting can be done in several ways (Energy Saving Trust, 2017), some of these can also be applied to existing office buildings without too much work having to be undertaken other methods need major alterations to incorporate into older buildings and are more suited to new buildings or buildings going through major refurbishment (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). The simple replacement of existing lamps within light fittings can reduce energy usage, with more modern fluorescent tubes being 25% more energy efficient than older versions and compact fluorescent lamps using up to 75% less energy than an old tungsten lamps (Irish Energy Centre, 1995), these tungsten lamps having been invented over 100ÂÂ   years ago(Energy Saving Trust, 2017) Light Emitting Diodes lamps (LEDs) are also now available and are up to 80% more efficient than the tungsten lamps (Energy.gov, 2013), when invented in the 1960s LEDs were no more efficient than tungsten lamps it has only been in the last ten years that great improvements in their efficiency has been achieved (Energy.gov, 2013). This method of energy efficiency can be applied to existing buildings without too much trouble but does have a cost over and above normal maintenance costs of changing the lamps but by the energy saved the LED lamps can pay back their extra initial cost within 3 years. (Corkhill, 2014). Another area where lighting can be made more efficient is insuring that it is only used when required and that lights are turned out when not in use (Open Technology, 2016). The use of sensors such as proximity or absence detection also means that the lights come on automatically when occupied and turn off after a period of non-occupancy (Open Technology, 2016), the dis-advantages of this can that someone sitting still at a desk may not activate the sensor and the light may go out while they are still there. Office areas can also be divided into different lighting zones with different controls for each zone, lights then only need to be on in areas of the office that are occupied or being used (Knissel 1999) leading to further efficiency.ÂÂ   The use of daylight sensors to adjust the amounts of artificial light used when there is sufficient natural light helps reduce energy usage (Carbon Trust, 2017). This may be achieved by having lights that either switch off or dim depending on levels of natural light in an area and can be used alongside lighting zones so that the lights closest to the windows dim separately when the natural light levels increase (Open Technology, 2016). Dimming controls and timers can also be utilised to minimise energy usage, it may be that less lamps operate at a lower light level at certain times of the day such as during the evenings or night while cleaning of the office is being undertaken (Open Technology, 2016). The room layouts can also play a part in energy efficiency by positioning desks to make more use of natural light and by painting walls and ceilings light colours can maximise the effectiveness of the lights (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). Thermal Comfort All individuals working in an office want to feel comfortable and not to be either to hot or too cold no matter what time of the year it is (Seton, 2015). There are 6 factors which can affect the thermal comfort of people within an office environment, these can be broken down into environmental factors and personnel factors (HSE, 2016). The 4 environmental factors being Air Temperature, Air velocity, radiant temperature and relative humidity (Harish, 2017), the other 2 factors are personnel these being clothing and metabolic heat (HSE, 2016). The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) have identified several elements of a building that will affect the thermal environment these being items such as glazing, ventilation, air tightness, thermal mass, plant and equipment, waste heat along with working patterns, activities and workforce profile (Seton, 2015). CIBSE also provide recommendations on the temperatures levels, air supply and illuminance to provide a comfort level that will be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015), this does though mean that there will be 20% that do not find it comfortable (Woods, 2015). Due to personnel preferences, it is not possible to find settings that are acceptable to all occupants and the recommendations are levels deemed to be a healthy office environment (HSE, 2016) Figure 2 CIBSE Comfort recommendations for Offices Conditions Temperature (Â °C) Air Supply per person (l/s/person) Illuminance Noise Rating (NR) Summer (Light Clothing) 22-25 8 500 35 Winter (Warm Clothing 21-23 8 500 35 Source: CIBSE Guide A: Environment Design 2015 (Woods, 2015) Many office blocks have heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) to maintain these comfort levels (Carbon Trust, 2017), figure 1 earlier in this report shows that in a standard office these systems use up to 42% of the all the energy consumed by the office block (Knissel, 1999). For the most efficient use of these HVACs systems it is important to design the buildings fabric to reduce the load imposed on these HVACs systems (Harish, 2017). For example, radiant temperature can involve both heat gain and heat loss through the structure, this is especially so near large windows, in these instances the structure can be designed with solar shading such as brise soleil or reflective blinds on elevations facing the sun to reduce solar heat gain (Harish, 2017). The windows can also be designed with triple glazed glass along with blinds that have thermal insulating properties to help reduce heat loss during the cooler months of the year (Harish, 2017). These measure help reduce the amount of work that either the cooling system or heating systems must undertake (Knissel, 1999), the disadvantage that any shading or blinds have is that they reduce the amount of natural light entering the building leading to the extra usage of artificial lighting. Heating in office buildings is usually provided by a central boiler (CIBO, 1997), the efficiency of the boiler can depend upon the fuel used, back in 1997 the typical energy efficiency for boilers based on fuel varied greatly as shown in figure 3. Figure 3 Typical Efficiency for New Boilers in 1997 Fuel Full Load Efficiency % Low Load Efficiency % Coal 85 75 Oil 80 72 Gas 75 70 Biomass 70 60 Source: (CIBO, 1997) Improvement in technology has meant boiler efficiency has greatly improved since 1997, micro combined heat and power (mCHP) boilers are now available for offices and domestic properties, prior to 2006 these were only economically available on extremely large scales (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). CHP boilers simultaneously generate useful heat and electricity making better use of the fuel being used (Ecoliving, 2017). Figure 4 Micro Combined Heat and Power Boiler Schematic. Source: (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). These combined heat and power boilers can be up to 98% efficient, with the electricity produced being either used by the building or returned to the main grid (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). A disadvantage of CHP is that it is only useful in a building that requires both hot water and electricity, if other methods are used for heating and hot water is only used for washing then a CHP is not practical (Dinneen, 2014). As well as improved efficiency of boilers and air conditioning systems better controls also help reduce energy usage, for every 1Â °C lower that the heating is run it reduces energy usage by up to 8% (Carbon Trust, 2017) so setting heating levels at the lower level of 21Â °C set by CIBSE rather than the upper winter level of 23oC can reduce the energy usage by up to 16%. In open plan areas controls to both heating and cooling should also not be accessible to the occupants as there could be instances where one individual turns up the heating in their area and another turns down the air conditioning in their zone and the two systems then try to work against each other (Carbon Trust, 2017). Some areas of a building such as computer hub rooms will require cooling all year due to the heat generated by the equipment within them (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), the use of a heat recovering system can be utilised to use this heat for other parts of the building reducing the load put on the heating systems and reducing the energy usage (Energytechs, 2017). These heats recovering units operate by using hot air from within the building to heat fresh cool air from the external environment (Energytechs, 2017) this warmed fresh air is then circulated around the building reducing the heating requirements (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) Figure 5 Heat Recovery Unit, Source: Energytechs, 2017 Conclusion Technology and energy efficiency of services for buildings is continually improving this can be seen by the advances in LED technology for lighting and the use of Combined Heat and Power boilers in smaller scale buildings that have advanced over the last 20 years (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). Buildings can only be built as energy efficient as the technology available at the time of construction, some energy efficiency measures can be installed later if the technology becomes available but this can be costly and disruptive (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) It is though important when considering energy efficiency of buildings services to ensure that comfort levels for occupants are maintained for the tasks they are undertaking and are not compromised to achieve great energy efficiency (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) Modern technology makes more use of automated controls to assist in improving energy efficiency within buildings, this helps to remove occupants interference with controls and the potentially unbalancing of the systems resulting in more energy usage. As already mentioned earlier in this report the guidance figures given by CIBSE will only be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015) the other 20% will be looking to alter the settings to suit their requirements so good communication with the occupants on the reasons the strategy for control settings will help with the implementation of the energy efficiency measures (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). References Carbon Trust, 2017, [Online] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides/energy-efficiency/lighting/ [Accessed on 15th March 2017] CIBO, 1997. Energy Efficiency Industrial Boiler Efficiency [Online] Available at: http://invenoinc.com/file/Energy-Efficieny-adn-Industrial-Boiler-Efficiency.pdf [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Conserve Energy Future, 2017. 35 Surprising Facts about Global Warming. [Online] Available at:ÂÂ   http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-global-warming-facts.php [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Corkhill, K. 2014. LED Payback Calculation [Online] Available at: http://www.jarvislights.com/led_payback_calculation_blog/ [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016, Energy Consumption in the UK [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/energy-consumption-in-the-uk [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Dinneen, P., 2014. Pros and Cons: Combined heat and Power (CHP) [Online] Available at: http://www.kinsley-group.com [Accessed 23rd March 2017] Ecoliving, 2017. What is CHP? [Online] Available at; http://www.ecolivinguk.com/combined-heat-power/what-is-chp/ [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Energy.gov, 2013. History of the light bulb [Online] Available at: https://energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb [Accessed on 21st March 2017] Energy Saving Trust, 2017. Energy Efficient Lighting [Online] Available at: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/home-energy-efficiency/lighting [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] Energytechs, 2017. Heat Energy Recovery Ventilation [Online] Available at: http://energetechs.com/heat-recovery-ventilation/ [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] Harish, A., 2017. How to Improve Thermal comfort in an Office Environment. [Online] Available at: https://www.simscale.com/blog/2016/07/improve-thermal-comfort-office/ [Accessed on 21st March 2017] HSE, 2016. The six basic factors [Online] Available at: http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm [Accessed on 21st March 2017] Irish Energy Centre, 1995, Energy Efficient lighting in OfficesÂÂ   [Online] Available at: http://www.seai.ie/Publications/Your_Business_Publications/Technology_Guides/Energy%20Efficient%20Lighting%20in%20Offices.pdf [Accessed on 15th March 2017] Knissel, J., 1999. Energy efficient Office Buildings [Online] Available at:- http://www.iwu.de/fileadmin/user_upload/dateien/energie/energy_efficient_office_buildings.pdf [Accessed on 23rd March 2017] McGrath, M., 2017. Extreme an Unusual Climate trends continue after record 2016 [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39329304 [Accessed on 21st March 2017] NASA, 2017. Global Climate Change, Vital Signs of the Planet [Online] Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Accessed on 14th March 2014] Open Technology, 2016, Intelligent Lighting Controls [Online] Available at: http://www.opentechnologyuk.com/ligo/ [Accessed on 15th March 2017] Pothitou, M., Connaughton, J. and Torriti, J. 2015, Energy Demand Working practices in Office Buildings [Online] Available at: https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/tsbe/MaryPothitou_TSBE_Conference_Paper_2015.pdf [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Seton, 2015. Thermal Comfort in the workplace [Online] Available at: http://www.seton.co.uk/legislationwatch/article/thermal-comfort-workplace/ [Accessed on 21st March 2017] The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016. Micro Combined Heat and Power [Online] Available at: https://www.renewableenergyhub.co.uk/micro-combined-heat-and-power-micro-chp-information/how-does-microchp-work-in-a-home-or-business.html#jump_21929 [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Wade, J., Pett, J. and Ramsay, L., 2003, Energy efficiency in offices: assessing the situation [Online] Available at: http://pett-projects.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/ACE-Research-2003-05-Energy-Efficiency-in-offices-Assessing-the-situation-report1.pdf [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Woods, P., 2015. CIBSE Guide A: Environment Design 2015, LONDON: Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers.

Louis Simpsons The Battle and Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum Est :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

When looking at poetry we notice many things. The language, meaning, and emotion all speak to us in many ways; some the author may have not even intended. When we look at the subject of war there have been many poems documenting the horror soldiers feel at their surroundings. The tragedy and atrocity that happens in war have all been written about with great impact. When we look at Louis Simpson's "The Battle" and Wilfred Owen's "Dulce et Decorum Est" we can read first hand of the experiences of soldiers. But when we compare these two poems we can clearly see that "The Battle" seems to have far greater impact than "Dulce et Decorum Est." The first thing that is noticeably different between these two poems in the language that they use. "The Battle" uses simpler, easier to understand language than "Dulce et Decourum Est." "The Battle" has simple words like "thudded" (line 3) and "clammy" (6) to describe the scene while "Dulce et Decorum Est" has words such as "haunting" (3) and "sludge" (2) to describe its scene. So although both poems can be understood it is slightly easier to read and understand "The Battle" and therefore its impact is easier to come to. One thing that is similar in these poems is the subject matter of them. It is obvious that both poems are about war and the horrors of war. "The Battle" tells of soldiers preparing themselves for a great battle in the middle of a field while "Dulce et Decorum Est" speaks of soldiers wearily returning to their camp only to be assaulted by gas and loose one of there own. Examples from "The Battle" can be seen in "They halted and they dug. They sank like moles into the clammy earth between the trees." (4, 5) and "At dawn the first shell landed with a crack" (9). In "Dulce et Decorum Est" lines like "Gas! Gas! Quick, Boys!" (9) And "As under a green sea, I saw him drowning." (14) Also show the horrors of war. These examples show that both of these poems illustrate war and its atrocities. A final difference that can be seen between these two poems is the style of the poems themselves.

The Application Of Fractal Geometry To Ecology Essay -- essays researc

The Application of Fractal Geometry to Ecology Abstract New insights into the natural world are just a few of the results from the use of fractal geometry. Examples from population and landscape ecology are used to illustrate the usefulness of fractal geometry to the field of ecology. The advent of the computer age played an important role in the development and acceptance of fractal geometry as a valid new discipline. New insights gained from the application of fractal geometry to ecology include: understanding the importance of spatial and temporal scales; the relationship between landscape structure and movement pathways; an increased understanding of landscape structures; and the ability to more accurately model landscapes and ecosystems. Using fractal dimensions allows ecologists to map animal pathways without creating an unmanageable deluge of information. Computer simulations of landscapes provide useful models for gaining new insights into the coexistence of species. Although many ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an extremely useful tool, not all concur. With all the new insights gained through the appropriate application of fractal geometry to natural sciences, it is clear that fractal geometry a useful and valid tool. New insight into the natural world is just one of the results of the increasing popularity and use of fractal geometry in the last decade. What are fractals and what are they good for? Scientists in a variety of disciplines have been trying to answer this question for the last two decades. Physicists, chemists, mathematicians, biologists, computer scientists, and medical researchers are just a few of the scientists that have found uses for fractals and fractal geometry. Ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an extremely useful tool for describing ecological systems. Many population, community, ecosystem, and landscape ecologists use fractal geometry as a tool to help define and explain the systems in the world around us. As with any scientific field, there has been some dissension in ecology about the appropriate level of study. For example, some organism ecologists think that anything larger than a single organism obscures the reality with too much detail. On the other hand, some ecosystem ecologists believe that looking at anything less than an entire ecosystem will not gi... ...l Geometry is not the geometry of nature. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 25:6:967-981. Shibusawa, S. 1994. Modeling the branching growth fractal pattern of the maize root system. Plant and Soil. 165: 339-347. Simberloff, D., P. Betthet, V. Boy, S. H. Cousins, M.-J. Fortin, R. Goldburg, L. P. Lefkovitch, B. Ripley, B. Scherrer, and D. Tonkyn. 1987. Novel statistical analyses in terrestrial animal ecology: dirty data and clean questions. pp. 559- 572 in Developments in Numerical Ecology. P. Legendre and L. Legendre, eds. NATO ASI Series. Vol. G14. Springer, Berlin. Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape ecology; the effect of pattern on process. Annual Rev. Ecological Syst. 20:171-197. Vedyushkin, M. A. 1993. Fractal properties of forest spatial structure. Vegetatio. 113: 65-70. Voss, R. F. 1988. Fractals in Nature: From Characterization to Simulation. pp. 21- 70. in The Science of Fractal Images. H.-O. Peitgen and D. Saupe, eds. Springer- Verlag, New York. Wiens, J. A., Crist, T. O., Milne, B. 1993. On quantifying insect movements. Environmental Entomology. 22(4): 709-715. Thomsen, D. E. 1980. Making music--Fractally. Science News. 117:187-190. The Application Of Fractal Geometry To Ecology Essay -- essays researc The Application of Fractal Geometry to Ecology Abstract New insights into the natural world are just a few of the results from the use of fractal geometry. Examples from population and landscape ecology are used to illustrate the usefulness of fractal geometry to the field of ecology. The advent of the computer age played an important role in the development and acceptance of fractal geometry as a valid new discipline. New insights gained from the application of fractal geometry to ecology include: understanding the importance of spatial and temporal scales; the relationship between landscape structure and movement pathways; an increased understanding of landscape structures; and the ability to more accurately model landscapes and ecosystems. Using fractal dimensions allows ecologists to map animal pathways without creating an unmanageable deluge of information. Computer simulations of landscapes provide useful models for gaining new insights into the coexistence of species. Although many ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an extremely useful tool, not all concur. With all the new insights gained through the appropriate application of fractal geometry to natural sciences, it is clear that fractal geometry a useful and valid tool. New insight into the natural world is just one of the results of the increasing popularity and use of fractal geometry in the last decade. What are fractals and what are they good for? Scientists in a variety of disciplines have been trying to answer this question for the last two decades. Physicists, chemists, mathematicians, biologists, computer scientists, and medical researchers are just a few of the scientists that have found uses for fractals and fractal geometry. Ecologists have found fractal geometry to be an extremely useful tool for describing ecological systems. Many population, community, ecosystem, and landscape ecologists use fractal geometry as a tool to help define and explain the systems in the world around us. As with any scientific field, there has been some dissension in ecology about the appropriate level of study. For example, some organism ecologists think that anything larger than a single organism obscures the reality with too much detail. On the other hand, some ecosystem ecologists believe that looking at anything less than an entire ecosystem will not gi... ...l Geometry is not the geometry of nature. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 25:6:967-981. Shibusawa, S. 1994. Modeling the branching growth fractal pattern of the maize root system. Plant and Soil. 165: 339-347. Simberloff, D., P. Betthet, V. Boy, S. H. Cousins, M.-J. Fortin, R. Goldburg, L. P. Lefkovitch, B. Ripley, B. Scherrer, and D. Tonkyn. 1987. Novel statistical analyses in terrestrial animal ecology: dirty data and clean questions. pp. 559- 572 in Developments in Numerical Ecology. P. Legendre and L. Legendre, eds. NATO ASI Series. Vol. G14. Springer, Berlin. Turner, M. G. 1989. Landscape ecology; the effect of pattern on process. Annual Rev. Ecological Syst. 20:171-197. Vedyushkin, M. A. 1993. Fractal properties of forest spatial structure. Vegetatio. 113: 65-70. Voss, R. F. 1988. Fractals in Nature: From Characterization to Simulation. pp. 21- 70. in The Science of Fractal Images. H.-O. Peitgen and D. Saupe, eds. Springer- Verlag, New York. Wiens, J. A., Crist, T. O., Milne, B. 1993. On quantifying insect movements. Environmental Entomology. 22(4): 709-715. Thomsen, D. E. 1980. Making music--Fractally. Science News. 117:187-190.

Argo review

Argo is a name of a movie which got Oscar for best movie in 2012. It has been done in Warner Bros production, with Ben Affleck as a director and George Clooney as a producer. It's a thriller (120min) full of surprises and unexpected events, so I would rate it 10/10 for the story. This thriller is about hostage extraction from Teheran in 1979 and it's based on a true story about a fake movie. During the Iranian diplomatic crisis, the CIA rescued six US diplomats by passing them off as members of aCanadian film crew who were scouting locations for a nonexistent sci-fi film. It tells the true story of some imaginative derring-do on the part of a brilliant and unorthodox CIA agent called Tony Mendez. As I already said I gave this movie 10/10 for the story, but the story is not completely true in some way. If you read the interview with the former US president Jimmy Carter, who was president at the time the crisis happened, you can see that not all is shown as it was.Carter openly admits hat 95% of the contributions to the ideas and the consummation of the plan was Canadian, but the movie gives almost all credits to CIA. Considering the acting, Argo is even bellow average in some cases because some actors in my opinion are Just too bad. If we take in consideration that Ben Affleck is a director and it is a Warner Bros production, I think that they should have found better actors. Except couple of main characters, acting is nothing special and I would not give more than 5/10 for it.You will not regret watching this movie, but you should try to find out more information about this incident before watching it, because it will help you to get better picture about situations in Iran. In my opinion the movie is not even close to Oscar, but it got it, probably because of the strong patriotism among US citizens and this story is exactly about that. All in all, this movie is a nice way to spend Saturday afternoon, but it definitely did not deserve an Oscar.

Inflation and its Causes

All the substance regarding this report has been explained with uphill struggle and care. This write up has demonstrated in easy mode and is understandable by the reader. It will provide the intramural and threshold aura to read and it will cover all the requisites and proviso. One of the aesthetic and charming characteristics of this project is this, that it is composed and genial. ABSTRACT The capability of financial analysis over inflation effect on employment has been highly accentuated. This analysis has been acknowledged as the means through which the livelihood and other progressing goals of the routine matters can be enquired.This report delves into the financial analysis through relationship between inflation and employment of a country like Pakistan. Statistical analysis with reference to previous year's data provided by State Bank of Pakistan, inflation in the usual course of events with the help of examples. The verdict about financial analysis may facilitate policy maker s, employment agencies, organization to ascertain, existing cooperation's and besides customary the genteel maneuver to improve their lifestyle all over the country.METHODOLOGY Aspects about inflation relationship with employment in the country has been piled p by means of primary sources by interviewing Muslim Commercial Bank garden Town Branch in the Lahore; this was the part of our information collecting activity. Secondary information has been congregated through different economies, financial management and other books, internet sites of state bank of Pakistan, finance base sites in Pakistan, exiting reports on financial analysis and generals related to employment and inflation.Our foremost endeavor was to compile and evaluate all relevant information with reference to employment and inflation in Pakistan and to Judge against this analysis with standard set by international market. BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Role of Financial management in the improvement process continues to be a t the vanguard of strategy contest not only in this part of the world (Pakistan) but also in other countries. Most of the specifics about Financial Management Analysis have been renowned in the entire world.The compensation allege for Financial Analysis are infinite, containing calculated interest rate, installments, present value of future position of company in the market, ratio comparison, shares and bonds value calculation, money flow, decision making with respect to financial condition of a organization, budget making (is one of the most beneficial process through which we can easily access our resources), and above all calculating economic strengthened in country.By and large the premeditated role of financial management is perceived as accelerating the accomplishment of wider economic and social aspiration. Capitalist from all over the world suggests that financial management performing efficient role as participate by production and other departments in accomplish the eventu al target of a firms. TABLE OF CONTENT Executive Summary Inflation Causes of Inflation Inflation and its EffectsInflation and its Impact Economic Factors of Inflation Non-Economic Factors of Inflation Temporary Effects Permanent Effects Review 16 Theories about Employment 07 10 11 09 Fisher Effect 12 14 18 Relationship between Employment & Inflation 25 International Condition in Inflation Conclusion Appendix -Article 33 37 -Inflation Rates of Previous Years & Graphs 15 Employment 20 26 38 -Employment Rates Comparison EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 39 Our Project â€Å"Inflation and the Employment† basically contains the answer to this question â€Å"What is the Inflation†.What are the basic meanings of inflation and what re the meanings of inflation according to the economics point of view. What are the factors by which inflation rises? Inflation's effects which it create on the overall economy. It also describes the theories of famous economist â€Å"Fisher† about inflation . And how â€Å"Fisher† theories effect the inflation of overall economy. Then this project describes economic, non-economic, factors of inflation and its temporary and permanent effects on economy. Its effects on employment and how employment can be disturbed by the inflation.Different theories of different economists are considerate to get a clear ND better understanding of inflation. This project clears the relationship between inflation and employment through graphs. Then we presented conclusion of the project. In appendix project covers an article about inflation and employment rates of previous years & graphs and their comparison. INFLATION Definition Inflation is a process in which the average level of prices increases at a substantial rate over a considerable period over time.In short, more money is required to buy a given amount of goods and services. One can measure the rate of inflation as either he annual percentage rate increase in the average price level or decr ease in the value of money. There are many causes of inflation, but in general we can divide them to the one at the demand-side and the one at the supply side of the economics. Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds existing supply, forcing price increases and pulling up wages, materials, and operating and financial costs.Cost- push inflation when price rises to cover total expenses and preserve profit margins. A pervasive cost-price spiral eventually develops as group and institutions respond to ACH other new round of increases. Deflation, as a reverse process, occurs when the spiral effects reversed. Even though today's inflation is more of a mix between these two basic inflation causes and inflation inertia, this is a good classification to start with. Effects of Inflation Effect of inflation, on other hand is a many layered as its causes.Inflation is usually thought as a negative phenomenon on the basis of traditional experiences with hyperinflation, but more exact analyses of the inflation effects have shown that they depend on the form of inflation and situation in national economy. One there no longer simplistically speak of effects of inflation. Despite the progress in understanding this phenomenon, there are still many subjects unclear and need consideration: potentially also advantages (benefits). Besides advantages and disadvantages of inflation, we also have to take into account costs of disinflation.Decisions of stabilizing economics policy for or against the disinflation depend on results of a two- fold cost-benefit analysis. Results from inflation-effects analysis are important component of explaining inflation, because inflation can be politically desired caused) for its potential net benefits. Costs and benefits of inflation essentially depend on whether it is fully or only partially anticipated. Important regulation factors are also individual institutional circumstances, such as presence of index and revision clauses in l ong-term contracts.Caused by economic effects, non-economic effects of inflation can also appear, like tax-refusal, citizen's reluctance, strikes etc. Different situations in national economy can lead to different effects of inflation. These situations of inflation as well as effects of inflation will be presented in the following research. INFLATION AND ITS IMPACT Lets us take an example of an economical participant (firm) that borrow a long-term loan worth of 10,000 RSI at fixed interest rate and annual annuity of 1,000 RSI. Let us assume now that an unexpected inflation doubles price and wages.Real worth of the wages has not changed, since the price also doubles (for double nominal wage this economic participant can now buy the same amount of goods and services as before), but the real worth of the annual annuity of his loan decreased. Nominal annual annuity is still 1,000 RSI, but the economic participant (borrower) has to work for that mount only half as much as before the infl ation occurred. Hence the real worth of his annual annuity cut in two; the borrower increased his wealth, whilst the lender decreased his real income.The other way around happens in a case of disinflation or even deflation, where the real worth of annual annuity of a loan increases and the borrower wealth decreases (lenders wealth increases). This kind of outcome occurs if the inflation has been stable for several years (inflation rate has neither increased nor decreased) and it increased suddenly, which means that it was not anticipated. However, if the increase in inflation is expected (on basis of different data about movement of economic variables in national economy and global markets), economic participants (individuals, firms, banks etc. Anticipate this increase. This means that the interest rates financial and capital markets will rise according to the inflation rate increase. Fisher's Effect: Where â€Å"in† is nominal rate, â€Å"r† is real interest rate and are inflation expectations. This expression is also known as the Fisher's effect and it shows that the negative effect of anticipated inflation on real money demanded is already included in nominal interest rate. When market interest rate accommodates to the inflation expectations, then the effect on income and wealth are mainly eliminated.Beside redistribution of income, inflation also has real effects on national economy. On one hand it affects output (GAP), which is a macroeconomic effect and on the other it affects allocation of resources in national economy and economic efficiency, which is a microeconomic effect. Anticipation and Balance All this factors cause the so-called inflation cost. On the other hand, it has already been stated that inflation can lead to some benefits. In order to analyze these effects more precisely, two characteristics of inflation or behavior of economic participants have to be defined.Inflation can be anticipated or unanticipated, which means that i t is/it is not built into all economic relations (contracts). Inflation can be balanced or unbalanced, which means that all price rise/do not rise with the same rate (relative price remain/don not remain unchanged). In reality these characteristics of inflation and behavior of economic participants combine and cause different economic situations, which are presented in the following table. Economic Effects of Inflation To summarize, we can divide effects of inflation into two groups; an economic and non-economic effects.We could also understand them as costs (advantages) and benefits (disadvantages) of inflation to a national economy. Economic effects are as follow: Income effect; by these effects we understand deviation of growth rate of the GAP its natural growth rate, caused by inflation. They don't include feasible shrinks in the natural growth rate of the GAP. Employment effect; which are in strong connection with income effects. Hence they are usually defined as difference tee n natural and actual rate of unemployment.Distribution effect; of which two are traditionally subjects of practical research and scientific analysis: effect of inflation on distribution of income and effect of inflation on distribution of wealth. Allocation effect; which are the most obvious with money (cash); in term of high inflation people (economic participants) want to get rid of money because real interest rate is usually negative and their demand for other assets increase. Price of inputs for production that are based on long-term contracts cannot rise as high inflation rate either; therefore missed investments are a common phenomenon.Theses are all allocation effects of inflation, also known as microeconomic effects. Effects on economic growth; connection between inflation and natural growth of the GAP definitely exists (at least on short term), but it is still for the most part unsolved. Phenomena, such as barter trade, parallel economy (also known as â€Å"grey economy') and corruption can appear or intensify and they all decrease natural growth rate of the GAP. These effects of inflation are also known as macroeconomic effects and are n strong connection with allocation (microeconomic) effects.Non-economic effects of inflation are caused by economic effects and are the following: tax-refusal, citizen's reluctance, strikes, revolts; rising etc. These effects are not a part of our research. Employment Effects of Inflation Employment effects are usually defined as difference between natural and actual rate of unemployment and are therefore in strong connection with income effects of inflation. That deviates of growth rate of GAP below its natural growth rate, caused by inflation.That is why these two types of inflation effects are examined together. Income and employment effects of inflation are known in two forms as temporary and permanent effects. Phases of Inflation Inflation usually passes over three typical phases: at first it is accelerated, the n it is steady (stabilized) and at last it decelerates. Temporary effects are mainly connected with accelerated and decelerated inflation, hence these two Phases are assumed to last for a shorter time, while permanent effects are connected with steady (stabilized) inflation.Employment and income effects of inflation are mainly temporary phenomena that last only as long as inflation is not yet fully anticipated. Whether these effects have positive or negative consequences for a national economy depends on the stage in which inflation is discovered and situation in which economy found. Let us examine two inevitable types of inflation now: accelerated and decelerated inflation. Accelerated Inflation Accelerated acceleration is often accompanied by income and employment effect (inflation-accompanied prosperity).However, these effects can only be expected, when the increase of inflation rate is caused by monetary demand-pull and induced supply-push is delayed (a time-lag has to emerge be tween decreased monetary emend-pull and induced supply-push). If the growth rate of the money volume in the further course of adaptation process remains unchanged, positive real effects are only temporary, because of the subsequent supply-push, induced expectations and wage bargaining.Real inflation effects can only be realized, if growth rate of the money supply rises continuously and by that stable inflation acceleration is provoked. Thus means that there can no longer be any applicable long-term trade-off between given inflation rate and unemployment rate. Decelerated Inflation there are quite common with decelerated inflation. Necessary prerequisite for a lasting decrease in inflation speed is a tight monetary-policy authorities are confident in their knowledge of the amount of tightening that is needed, they can move quickly to the required higher level for interest rates.However, to extend that there is more uncertainty on the effects of monetary policy changes, due to the dev elopment of financial markets, it argues for implementing a more gradualist approach. Such uncertainty could increase the risk that a strong policy action might lead to undesirable outcomes. Gradualist strategy central banks sacrifice the speed with which their target is obtained in order to avoid overshooting the target. The degree if gradualism will be dictated by other considerations, such as central banks anti- inflationary credibility.If it is poor, there is heightened risk that a gradual policy response would increase inflation expectations. Anti-inflation Economic Policy Policies of gradualism create stress between preemptive and reactive moves. An increase risk of â€Å"falling behind the curve† suggests that a gradualist policy may needed to be followed by more aggressive moves, if events appear to be turning out differently than expected. E. G. F health were to weaken the effect of higher interest rates, at the same time that wealth effects were stimulating consumpt ion, monetary policy would face an increasing risk of â€Å"falling behind the curve†.These tensions raise the importance of the monetary authorities, credibility and transparency. If inflation expectation is well anchored, policy actions will be more effective and thus the size of any move to achieve a given objective is likely to be smaller. A credible commitment to low inflation thus provides some insurance against â€Å"falling behind the curve†. Transparency reduces the risk that policy changes will destabilize arrests.Such a strategy would allow markets to adjust their anticipations appropriately and in this way, the risk of a disorderly adjustment of asset prices can be reduced. Permanent Effects If we presume that inflation was on long-term correctly expected and completely anticipated and that there was no wage bargaining, the (long-term) curve of aggregate supply growth SSL and the (long-term) Philips curve PACK in the presented basic model become vertical fu nctions of natural income-level growth rate as well as natural unemployment rate. Note: Donation Beta represents anticipation coefficient.Friedman-Phelps Hypothesis: This corresponds to the so-called Friedman-Phelps hypothesis, by which no income and employment effects can appear with completely anticipated inflation, I. E. Each on short term possible trade-off vanishes on long-term and income-growth rate as well as unemployment rate preserve on its natural level. Reacts to such policy (with downward correction of price level), the higher are inflation costs (expenses of such inflation fighting) and danger of premature collapse of tight monetary policy increases. Anti-inflation policy therefore has to keep inflation cost as low as possible, I. . T has to pursue an adaptation path that is close to SSL as well as PACK as it can be to achieve this, anti-inflation policy has to include well- measured and above all continuous decrease of money-supply growth rate and a series of accompany measures for adaptation of expectations and for softening the wage bargaining. Effect on output stabilization may well be positive and the same is true for overall social welfare, but we cannot forget that uncertainty about the policymakers preference leads to a higher inflationary bias and also inflationary cost.EMPLOYMENT The inadequacy of public employment as a source of additional Jobs are generally understood, and it is recognized that the use of this expedient is â€Å"to some extent a desperation measure†, the current employment program relies mainly on the stimulation of the private economy by means of an inflationary tax cut, the only other tool that is now regarded as being available for the purpose. The deliberate use of inflation as a means of increasing business activity and employment is based on J. M.Keynes' economic theories, and to see Just how our present findings apply to this situation, it will first be desirable to have a clear idea as to Just what Keyne s' contentions with respect to employment actually are. His theory was developed as an alternate to the so-called â€Å"classical† theory of employment, the previously orthodox economic doctrine in this field, and his explanations are expressed mainly in terms of contrast with the earlier views†. The classical theory of employment†, he says, â€Å"has been based†¦ On two fundamental postulates†¦ Namely: The wage is equal to the marginal product of labor. The utility of the wage when a given volume of labor is employed is equal to the marginal disability of that â€Å"amount of employment. † Translating the second postulate from the professional Jargon of the economist to the Renaults, he arrives at this alternative, and more understandable, statement: â€Å"That is to say, the real wage of an employed person is that which is Just sufficient (in the estimation of the employed persons themselves) to induce the volume of labor actually employed to be forthcoming†.Keynes accepts the first of these two postulates but denies the second. The most fundamental objection to this proposition, he says, is that it involves â€Å"the assumption that the general level of real analysis he shows that this assumption is erroneous, and he arrives at the same inclusion reached in the present analysis; that is, the general level of real wages is fixed by factors which operate independently of the bargaining process, and it is not altered by any manipulation of money wages.According to Keynes, the â€Å"classical† economists' basic mistake in their analysis of the employment situation is a result of their explicit or tacit acceptance of Says Law of Markets, a principle formulated by J. B. Say, one of the early French economists, which asserts that in so far as the price paid by the buyer is income for the seller, the act of production creates all of the archiving power required to buy the product. Keynes termed this principle â₠¬Å"an optical illusion, which makes two essentially different activities appear to be the same†.By virtue of its acceptance of this law, â€Å"The classical theory assumes that the collective demand price always accommodates it self to the aggregate supply price. Effective demand, instead of having a unique equilibrium value is an infinite range of values all equally admissible; and the amount of employment is indeterminate except in so far as the marginal disability of labor sets an upper limit. If this were rue, competition between entrepreneurs would always lead to an expansion of employment up to the point at which the supply of output as a whole ceases to be elastic†.Thus Says Law, Keynes contends, â€Å"is equivalent to the proposition that there is no obstacle to full employment†. Since there obviously is some obstacle to full employment, and since the ability to manipulate the real wage level assumed by the classical theory does not actually exist, Keynes rejected that theory and formulated a new concept in which for a given â€Å"propensity to consume† and a given rate of new investment. There will be only one level of employment consistent with equilibrium†.He summarized his new concept in these words: The outline of our theory can be expressed as follows. When employment increases, aggregate real income is increased. The psychology of the community is such that when aggregate real income is increased aggregate consumption is increased, but not by as much as income†¦ Thus, to Justify any given amount of employment there must be an amount of current investment sufficient to absorb the excess of total output over what the community chooses to consume when employment is at the given level.Here, then, we have Keynes' employment theory, as presented by its author, together with his explanation of the principal points of conflict between his ideas and the theoretical outlook shared by most of his predecessors: the â₠¬Å"classical† theory. This classical theory is a wage theory; that is, it is based on supply and demand reasoning applied to the price of labor. Since a lower price, according to the classical ideas, will increase the demand that is, the number of Jobs – there would appear to be no obstacle to full employment if the workers are willing to accept the appropriate wage.But the adherents of this viewpoint are victims of that unquestioning confidence in the universal applicability of the supply and demand principles that so often leads economists to apply these principles to issues which are not supply and demand problems at all. Considerations of supply and demand are not applicable to any situation unless the price is variable, and as Keynes has emphasized, the real wage rate, the true price of labor, is fixed by external factors (the factors that determine the rate of productivity) and cannot be arbitrarily changed.

A Look at the Valley and Ridge

A Look at the Valley and Ridge Viewed from above, the Valley and Ridge physiographic province is one of the most defining features of the Appalachian Mountains; its alternating, narrow ridges and valleys almost resemble a corduroy pattern. The province is situated west of the Blue Ridge Mountain province and east of the Appalachian Plateau. Like the rest of the Appalachian Highlands Region, the Valley and Ridge moves from southwest to northeast (from Alabama to New York).   The Great Valley, which makes up the eastern portion of the Valley and Ridge, is known by more than 10 different regional names over its 1,200-mile path. It has hosted settlements on its fertile soils and served as a north-south travel route for a very long time.  The western half of the Valley and Ridge is comprised of the Cumberland Mountains to the south and Allegheny Mountains to the north; the boundary between the two is located in West Virginia. Many mountain ridges in the province rise upwards of 4,000 feet. Geologic Background Geologically, the Valley and Ridge is very different than the Blue Ridge Mountain province, even though the neighboring provinces were shaped during many of the same mountain building episodes and both rise to above-average elevations. The Valley and Ridge rocks are almost entirely sedimentary and were initially deposited during the Paleozoic era. During this time, an ocean covered much of eastern North America.  You can find many marine fossils in the province as evidence, including brachiopods, crinoids and trilobites. This ocean, along with the erosion of bordering landmasses, generated large amounts of sedimentary rock.   The ocean eventually came to a close in the Alleghanian orogeny, as the North American and African protocontinents came together to form Pangea. As the continents collided, the sediment and rock stuck between them had nowhere to go. It was put under stress from the approaching landmass and folded into great anticlines and synclines. These layers were then thrust up to 200 miles westward.   Since mountain building ceased around 200 million years ago, the rocks have eroded to form the present-day landscape. Harder, more erosion-resistant sedimentary rocks like sandstone and conglomerate cap the tops of ridges, while softer rocks like limestone, dolomite and shale have eroded into valleys.  The folds decrease in deformation moving west until they die out underneath the Appalachian Plateau.   Places to See Natural Chimney Park, Virginia - These towering rock structures, reaching heights of 120 feet, are the result of karst topography. Hard columns of limestone rock were deposited during the Cambrian and withstood the test of time as the surrounding rock eroded away.   Folds and faults of Georgia - Dramatic anticlines and synclines can be seen within roadcuts throughout the entire Valley and Ridge, and Georgia is no exception. Check out Taylor Ridge, Rockmart slate folds and the Rising Fawn thrust fault.   Spruce Knob, West Virginia - At 4,863 feet, Spruce Knob is the highest point in West Virginia, the Allegheny Mountains and the entire Valley and Ridge province.   Cumberland Gap, Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky - Often referenced in folk and blues music, the Cumberland Gap is a natural pass through the Cumberland Mountains. Daniel Boone first marked this trail in 1775, and it served as the gateway to the West into the 20th century.   Horseshoe Curve, Pennsylvania - Although more of a historical or cultural landmark, Horseshoe Curve is a great example of geologys influence on civilization and transportation. The imposing Allegheny Mountains long stood as a barrier to efficient travel across the state. This engineering marvel was completed in 1854 and reduced the Philadelphia-to-Pittsburgh travel time from 4 days to 15 hours.

Free Communication Disorders Essay

Free Communication Disorders Essay Communication Disorders Communication is really a complex cognitive activity. The act of communicating takes either the verbal or the non-verbal feature or combines both. Communication skills are developmental and they are composed of a number of components. Communication includes pragmatics, which is the social use of language and semantics, which is the understanding of words. Statistics show that between 7% and 14% of worlds children have difficulties in the acquisition of some or all of these normal language skills. Delayed language acquisition is a common problem in children at the early stages of development. From many cases reported in medical centres within United States, deficits in socialisation, non-verbal communication, and several unusual and persistent behaviours are features existent in many children in the states. It is the pervasiveness and persistence of the respective deficits that differentiate children suffering from autism with those having specific language developmental disorders. However, early therapy referral is beneficial in both cases. Barnard (2004) argued that children with considerable language disorders could present actually with some autistic features. This may diminish as they grow up and improve their language and communication skills. It is notable that in children less than 2 years of age, it is very difficult to distinguish what the child is suffering from between autism and non-autistic symptoms. At such an age, it is more significant to identify the specific areas that need improvements and provide reasonable intervention than to literally wait for a diagnosis. Reviewing the childs progress and performing diagnosis from time to time is the key to developing solutions for improvements on communication disorders (Barnard, 2004). Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is in use mostly when describing the range of behavioural phenotype as well as severities part of the continuum from literally normal to disordered communication development, interests and socialisation. ASD generally includes atypical autism, autistic disorder, Aspergers disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Ward (1999) named some characteristics of autistic disorder as qualitative impairment in general communication and social interaction. Other features include repetitive and stereotyped patterns of interests, behaviour and activities. These features are present in all autistic individuals but clinical manifestation as well as functional disability varies depending on age, co morbidity, linguistic and cognitive ability, family and social environment. A communication disorder on the other hand differs a lot with autism. It is like a language disorder with an impaired ability in an individual to understand or share with others the feelings and ideas. It is also revealed mostly in impairment to comprehend written or spoken language. Some of the features of a communication disorder include speech disorder. This is the difficulty in production of speech correctly provoking the use of voice. Stuttering is also a part of the communication disorder. It is signalled by an interruption of speech flow. The other major characteristic of a communication disorder and not autism is Voice. This is the speech quality for instance nasality, hoarseness or volume (Fletcher, 2000). Behaviour is something crucial in determining whether it is communication disorder or autism. There are common weird behaviours when a child has autism very different from when with communication disorder. Lining up of objects like toy cars repetitively, walking on toes most of the time, flapping wings repeatedly when exited and looking at objects with the corner of the eye are some of the weird behaviours that are an alarm to autism. They may be normal if a child only does it occasionally. However, repeated behaviour should draw your concern because it is a possible symptom of autism. Parents anxious to know and develop a distinction of communication disorder and autism have very many questions running through their heads. Some possible questions that are likely a feature of their concern include: What is mild autism? Between autism and communication disorder, which is the most serious? Which one between autism and communication disorder is the patient capable of recovering fast? What are some of the behaviours in an autistic or non-autistic child? How can one measure the prevalence of autism? What are some of the interventions applicable in handling communication disorders Do communication disorders have any side effects to the patient Identification of autism requires some form of developmental surveillance. Routine developmental surveillance is effective in identifying children with a likelihood of developing autism disorders. Some of the instruments used include Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS), stages, ages questionnaire, and screens series. Another mode of assessment would be a follow up of any regression in language as well as socialisation skills noted in hand before 18 months of childs age. There are other medical assessments including screening tests that involve serum lead level iron and folate levels, a full blood count, and vitamin B12 levels, thyroid function tests, a urine metabolic screen and creatine kinase level (Ward, 1999). Behaviour is an area under scrutiny when identifying the autism problem. In this case, you will have to refer the child to a speech therapist. He expresses concerns on the childs general development and other unusual behaviours. The challenge is the way the speech therapists handles the child yet he is not used to him. The therapist might diagnose wrongly, when the childs receptiveness is because of reaction to a stranger but not in reality autism. The assessment of behaviour to determine the condition of the child is also challenging because it might not produce valid results. Assumptions that aggression and self-injury are reactions because of autism is wrong, the reactions might be emanating from other stimulants in the childs biological system.

science rules essays

science rules essays Prepare for Tomorrow Today If everyone had known the importance of their future, they could have comprehended better the value of preparation in early life. A college education may have seemed out of reach for some individuals, who struggled in high school. A factory job or assembly line position was a more realistic goal to achieve. Throughout their childhood there was a dream of having a mansion, or a fancy car. Money was the center of their interests. They learned as they got older that these things were harder to accomplish than they imagined. People had to work long, tedious hours when they were young to get ahead for the future. There was the reality of a price to be paid in early life, but what they benefited later would be more than they could ever fathom. They would have to remember to work hard, and prove to others that they were a worthy people to take note of. This was only the beginning, however. They had to strive to do well in the community and in their place of employment. Even the little things that seemed insignificant made a bigger difference in later life. There were times when that nothing job they had meant something more later on. They could have never known when that past job supervisor could have been a place of reference for a job opportunity or an advancement. There should be a certain part of people that is devoted to their education. This will be something that will be noted later in college, or sometimes in the job that was so important for them to have. The studying may have been a little stressful at times, but if people had not learned to balance their schedule at a young age how would they cope as adults with a family, and occupation? It was a long hard road, however, the fruits of labor would be endless. Their education had much worth, and was the foundation of their future. ...

Migrants Effects on Singapore Essay Example

Migrants Effects on Singapore Essay Example Migrants Effects on Singapore Essay Migrants Effects on Singapore Essay Singapore is one of the most economically prosperous country in the South East Asia region. There has been a influx of foreigners in the country in recent years. I think the foreigners bring about a positive impact in the economical area, however in other areas such as social and environmental area, foreigners may bring about a negative impact instead. Migrants bring about a positive impact in the economical aspect of Singapore. They provide for much cheap labour.Manual work and low status jobs are generally disliked by locals because of the social stigma attached and its low pay. For example, Chinese migrants are often employed in construction firms which are jobs despised by Singaporeans. When jobs such as these are taken up, jobs are more efficiently taken up and this will promote the economic growth of the country in the long run. Singapore will thus be likely to benefit from foreigners coming to Singapore economically.Migrants brought about a negative impact in the social aspect . Singapore, with its high percentage of foreigners in it population will inevitably face with social issues such as the erosion of the Singapore culture and racism. Over the years, many cases of racism, especially through online multimedia websites such as twitter has occurred. One example would be the recent case of a teenager tweeting on the train â€Å" the Indian beside me was extremely smelly† Such cases occur continuously in Singapore.The lack of any statistics on the internet regarding racism in Singapore further proves that the government was trying to cover it up. Whether this is true or not, it is doubtlessly agreeable that racism is a increasing issue in Singapore. Therefore, in the social aspect of Singapore, foreigners bring about an undesirable impact. Migrants also bring about a negative impact in the environmental aspect of Singapore. Singapore is a small country with an incredibly high population density, as such, public facilities are often sought after by both foreigners and locals.The influx of migrants means that locals and foreigners have to compete for space in the park or on the park and this results in overcrowding. Furthermore, foreigners may not be familiar with the environmental rules of Singapore, and may litter in public places as their home country may not be as stringent in the cleanliness aspect. Over time, this may affect the image of Singapore, a â€Å"clean and green† city. Thus, foreigners bring about a negative impact in the environmental aspect of Singapore as they compete for the use of public places and may also affect the cleanliness of Singapore.Overall, I believe that while migrants bring about a negative impact to Singapore. This is because migrants are only good to a certain extent and have to be more carefully moderated. Having a smaller amount of migrants in Singapore will definitely bring about an overall benefit to Singapore. However the large number of migrants in Singapore has also caused socia l and environmental problems in Singapore. I think the negatives out-weigh the positive. Thus, they bring about mainly negative impacts to the country.