Gender Stereotypes as a Reflection of Women - 2463 Words

Introduction The media holds up a mirror to our society. As condemned as the media may be, it does reflect much truth and reality. This is especially so for comics and advertising media because they are very much inspired by our daily lives and struggles (Klein, 1993). Commercials and comics should never be solely regarded as the promotion of tangible objects as they carry subtle messages and reinforces certain ideas subconsciously. Gender roles are underlying and recurring themes in these commercials and it is crucial to understand the development of the images media portray because they have a strong correlation with the society. As these forms of media dominate the industry, we have to be wary of how it validates and ascertains†¦show more content†¦Emotional needs Advertisements often depict women reclining or lying on objects, which convey dependence and appeasement (Cortese, 2008). Similarly, â€Å"love and romance comics reinforced the desirability of women making choices and sacrifices for love.† (Klein, 1993, p. 62) Duncombe and Marsden reported that in their own study, women told the interviewer they wanted their partner to signal attachment, by unprompted intimate or romantic gestures and actions, because this would make t hem feel emotionally special (Delamont, 2001). In addition, Williams found that emotional sustenance in marriage is especially important for women (Thompson amp; Walker, 1989). A woman’s emotional need for companionship and love can then be seen to be largely fulfilled by a man, as conveyed in a woman’s image of insufficiency (Cortese, 2008). A regular issue with marriage is when a woman feels that she has not achieved the level of emotional intimacy with her husband, which she needs, deserves or wants and thus, her unhappiness results in the contemplation of a divorce (Delamont, 2001). Women’s desire for the affection of men consistently prompts them to attract men’s attention. However, men are less expressive with words and often show their emotional intimacy through sexual activity (Delamont, 2001; Thompson amp; Walker, 1989). This is repeatedly reflected in the advertising media and comics and demonstrated by how women construct themselves to be objec ts for the male gazeShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes as a Reflection of Women2453 Words   |  10 Pagesof tangible objects as they carry subtle messages and reinforces certain ideas subconsciously. Gender roles are underlying and recurring themes in these commercials and it is crucial to understand the development of the images media portray because they have a strong correlation with the society. As these forms of media dominate the industry, we have to be wary of how it validates and ascertains our gender perceptions, which governs the way we behave and expect others to behave. Commercials have beenRead MoreGender Roles Of Women s Literature1661 Words   |  7 Pages The way in which gender roles are portrayed in children’s literature significantly contributes to the development of our youth’s understanding of their own gender’s role and how they are perceived by society. It is important for children to understand gender roles because gender roles are an essential cog in the perpetual machine that develops our society, but these cogs have been replaced with newer, more up-to-date cogs over recent years, so to speak. As society has changed, so has the typicalRead MoreGender in the Mass Media- Projecting Masculinity1397 Words   |  6 Pagespresentation of gender in the mass media and projection of masculinity The mass media play a significant role in a modern world, by broadcasting information  in fast pace and giving entertainment to vast audiences. They consist of press, television, radio, books and the Internet. The latter is now the most developing medium, however, TV also has a wide field of influence. By creating a certain type of message, media can manipulate people’s attitude and opinions. GENDER STEREOTYPES IN MASS MEDIA Read MoreGender And Gender Roles1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of gender roles is a subject that has been discussed and argued upon for several years, regarding the depiction and expectations of what it means to be a man and, conversely, what it means to be a woman. Along with the topic comes what and how society defines masculinity and femininity. Society has given men the title of being masculine due to the reflection of   dominance, strength, aggressiveness, independence , and the use of interpersonal skills. Whereas society has given females theRead MoreCritical Analysis On Gender Stereotypes1072 Words   |  5 Pages Critical Analysis on Gender Stereotypes in the Workforce Yesenia Bachez California State University, Los Angeles Critical Analysis on Gender Stereotypes in the Workforce Despite various changes in the workforce, it is apparent that gender stereotypes are not extinct and are still very powerful generalizations. Through this reflection paper I hope to successfully analyze gender stereotypes and the impact they have on the workforce. Gender stereotypes influence our judgment andRead MoreRandomly Select Films From Netflix Popular Movie Section1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthan women. We can assume that the influence film has had on popularizing gender-stereotypes created a butterfly affect that has created a stigma against women from being seen as leaders; since film is also a depiction of reality, due to this fact, the opportunities for female lead roles are limited. This project will analyze gender-stereotypes with an emphasis on conformity, to better understand the characteristics and frequency of leading male and female roles in movies. Early-Present Gender StereotypesRead MoreGender Portrayal Of The Media813 Words   |  4 PagesGender Portrayal in Media Media; â€Å"The main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet) regarded collectively† Oxford dictionary. In recent years a rising issue of media gender portrayal has been massively looked at from a sociological perspective. Everything and every picture has been depicted in this primarily visual age. There’s a giant number of visual information going through our conscious and subconscious daily at a fast pace. A lot of different point of viewsRead MoreThe Division Of Gender Roles844 Words   |  4 Pages The division of gender roles is deeply rooted in society. Throughout history men have taken upon the role of independent financial providers plus of course protectors, whereas women have been portrayed as loving wives and mothers, responsible for raising the children as well as housework. Although females and males are far from being equals, the differences between genders are incredibly smaller than in the past. Unfortunately, mass media still use gender stereotypes believing they are well knownRead MoreMedia s Influence On Gender Relations And Sexuality1230 Words   |  5 Pa gesHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality. In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This isRead MoreGender And Gender : Response Paper916 Words   |  4 PagesGender: Response Paper Since the beginnings of time itself, people of all cultures and nations have found themselves enforcing morals, etiquette, and unspoken guidelines on how to live that have been formed through many generations. Many of these â€Å"rules† are so engrained in our culture that we do not question them or consider why they exist and how they were formed. Throughout our readings we discussed the concept of gender, one of the most prominent examples of a topic that most do not actively

The Breakfast Club By John Hughes - 846 Words

The Breakfast Club Noah Lane Ivy Tech Community College Abstract This paper is why everyone should watch The Breakfast Club. It tells a story of four teenagers battling with rebellion, drama, and love. Most critics will argue that it is not realistic, and no teenager is like that. However, The Breakfast Club written by John Hughes made teens everywhere relate to at least one of these characters. This movie is a dramatic comedy that will make someone laugh, cry, and angry all brought together in one amazing film. The Breakfast Club The Breakfast Club, starring Emilio Estevez, Judd Nelson, and many other great actors is a fantastic teen comedy. This movie had great humor along with heart warming love. It is almost impossible to name one bad thing about this movie. The Breakfast Club is jammed packed full of comedy, drama, and rebellion. These four high school students represent every cliche in the 1980s school life. As typical as this may sound for a teen comedy the plot takes a twist. This movie is not the usual teen comedy in any way. These four students will soon realize that they each have something in common. Each of the kids parents don t treat them fairly or don t even notice them. It is ironic at first, because they think that they have figure each person out and they know everything about them. But soon into the movie they quickly realize they are all too similar. This movie takes place in a high school in Shermer, Illinois.Show MoreRelatedThe Breakfast Club, By John Hughes1342 Words   |  6 Pagescalled cliques, to overcome these hardships, while others fight them head on by themselves. In the coming to age movie, The Breakfast Club, five different high school teenagers are forced to be together one Saturday morning and afternoon in detention. Brian Johnson the brain, Andrew Clarke the athlete, Allison Reynolds the basket case, Claire Standish the princess and John Bender the criminal, are all forced to be caged together and think about who they are. In heated verbal and social exchangesRead MoreThe Breakfast Club By John Hughes1875 Words   |  8 Pages John Hughes directed many movies that were iconic for their time period; so much so that they are still watched today in 2017. Movies are snapshots of the time period in which they were written. His movies reflect the social, cultural and political aspects in the time period that they were made to represent. Many of John Hughes’ movies relate to family and their impact on children. The Breakfast Club came out in 1985, Ferris Bueller’s Day Off came out in 1986, Plane Trains Automobiles came out inRead MoreThe Breakfast Club, By John Hughes1206 Words   |  5 Pagesaccepted from your parents, or merely trying to figure out the world around them. Teen movies shed a light on the complex lives a teengers. In the films, Breakfast Club, Heathers, and Donnie Darko, the idea of figuring out who one is an individual runs through each movie through their teenage characters. The Breakfast Club, directed by John Hughes, uses stereotypes and behaviors to categorize the characters. Actions, appearances, and dialects all are assigned to every person. The athlete, the criminalRead MoreThe Breakfast Club By John Hughes828 Words   |  4 Pagestitles to the derivative angst of the dialogue, it s a touchstone of 80s pop culture, and a schizophrenic one, too.† This could only be describing the John Hughes classic film, The Breakfast Club. This film follows five high school students from different ends of the social spectrum coming together and finding themselves. The Breakfast Club is a perfect representation self-concepts and social perceptions- how difficult it can be to figure out who you are and what it is like to discover true realityRead MoreThe Breakfast Club By John Hughes1837 Words   |  8 PagesIn John Hughes’ smash 1985 film, The Breakfast Club, five teenagers from different social cliques spend a Saturday together in detention. There is the jock, whose identity is wrapped up in athletic achievement. There is the nerd, who is book smart and socially awkward. There is the moody basket case who wears black and broods about death. There is the equally moody rebel, who smokes and swears and defies authority. And there is the princess, whose clothes are hot, whose manners are cold, and whoseRead MoreThe Breakfast Club By John Hughes Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1985 a movie by the name of The Breakfast Club directed by John Hughes blew up movie screens; it portrayed 5 main actors of all different cliques who come to realize they are alike despite a few differences. John Bender, was one of the main character, he is an adolescent with an aggressive attitude. He is subject to domestic abuse by his father, and is a drug user, storing marijuana in his locker. As a result, he makes himself look tough. He has long, untamed hair and shaggy clothes. Overall,Read MoreThe Breakfast Club, Written And Directed By John Hughe s1276 Words   |  6 PagesOkonowsky Mrs. LeBlanc English 10 January 13th No Exit/The Breakfast Club Writing Prompt No Exit, a play written by Jean-Paul Sartre that debuted in 1944, has many similar themes to the movie The Breakfast Club, written and directed by John Hughes. The play No Exit is perceived as taking place in literal Hell and describes the interactions between those who have died and have been placed in a room together. In The Breakfast Club, students have been put in a metaphorical â€Å"hell,† detention, andRead MoreChanges in John Hughes Film The Breakfast Club Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagesmost have exclaimed, â€Å"I will never be like my parents†. This is the underlying theme that binds together the characters in John Hughes’s film â€Å"The Breakfast Club†. Hughes is the writer and director of â€Å"The Breakfast Club† which was released in February 1985. Although this movie is almost 29 years old, it is still just as applicable to today’s society as it was then. Hughes is also known for other films of the same era which include, â€Å"Sixteen Candles†, â€Å"Pretty in Pink†, and â€Å"Ferris Buehler’s DayRead MoreThe Breakfast Club Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Breakfast Club, released in 1985 by director John Hughes, is a film about five high school students, from different social groups, and their bond over shared worries and issues in Saturday morning detention. These students show the two main issues of high school students: peer pressure and family issues. The film examines the effects of these issues on student’s everyday life and view on the world. Some of these effects include bullying, contemplation of suicide, drugs, and depression. In eachRead MoreComparative Essay Catcher a nd Breakfast Club1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye and The Breakfast Club Various pieces of literature and entertainment exhibit similar characteristics in their writing style, themes, and portrayals. These features are in each piece to enhance the reading and viewing. The novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, and the movie The Breakfast Club directed by John Hughes, are two works that are similar in some significant aspects. Both compositions overflow with the theme of teenage rebellion, use rich vernacular, and

The Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture - 1364 Words

The ongoing debate of Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest philosophical issues. The nature theory argues that all genes, and hereditary factors, influences an individual in terms of their physical appearance to their personality characteristics (Cherry, 2017). Conversely, the nurture theory argues that all environmental variables impact who individuals are, including early childhood experiences, how individuals were raised, social relationships, and surrounding culture (Cherry, 2017). However, people are born neither â€Å"good† nor â€Å"bad†, but they are a product of their social and psychological traits, influenced by their upbringing and environment. Today, the validity of biological and psychological explanation of criminality is no longer†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, adolescence who start drinking by the age 14 are five times more likely to become alcoholics than people who hold off on drinking until the age of 21 (Siegel, 2018). The consequence s of early exposure to alcohol may short-circuit the growth of brain cells, impairing the learning and memory processes that protect against addiction, and can influence harmful behavior (Siegel, 2018). Humans who are exposed to certain chemicals and minerals such as mercury, monoamines, and peptides are linked with depression, mania, cognitive problems, memory loss, and abnormal sexual activity, which are proven to correlate with crime. Biocriminologists believe certain food intake and diet are associated to crime. In certain environments, individuals lack improper food, vitamin, and mineral intake that might be responsible for antisocial behavior. Certain chemicals found in food such as caffeine, food dyes, and artificial flavors can cause hostile, impulsive behaviors. A popular substance called high fructose corn syrup is found in a variety of foods. It has been proven that a high intake of high fructose corn syrup can cause antisocial and aggressive behaviors amongst individual s. A researcher named Stitt conducted an experiment on students. For 8 weeks, she gave healthy foods, such as natural whole grain bakery and flax drinks, to students in 30-40 different classrooms. After the 8 weeks, she told the teachers to have a junk food day, when the students consumedShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Nurture Debate1427 Words   |  6 Pagesparents use authoritarian methods and punishment.† The nature Vs nurture debate has been around since 1690 created by the philosopher John Locke who believed we as humans do not have natural, inborn ideas; that our minds are a blank page, upon which experience shall write. Nurture is everything and nature is simply nothing. â€Å"Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factorsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the e nvironment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and is concerned with the influence that biology, geneticsRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1291 Words   |  6 PagesHow is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refers to a genetic vulnerability, which is known as the first hit, triggered by something in the environmentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial to psychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is still relevantRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debat e1332 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs Nurture debate is one of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology. The debate is about to know if our personality and talents come from our parent or environment? The coding of genes in each cell in humans determine the different traits that we have, more physical attributes dominance like ear size, eye colour, , height, hair colour and other traits. However, it is still not known whether the more abstract attributes like, intelligence, sexual orientation, personality, preferencesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1863 Words   |  8 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, in athletics, in intelligence, in behavior, in medical history, and in work ethic. Each personRead MoreThe Debate On Nature Vs Nurture Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdubious history of the debate on nature vs nurture continues to be a controversy, more and more psychologists start to rise from both sides of the argument. The earliest evidence can be traced back to the time of John Locke, who believes that our minds are blank slates and only experience can write override it. Despite the main focus of the issue being how environment transact to influence development, psychologists today cont inue to argue on the issue of nature vs nurture. Intelligence is more ofRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate2114 Words   |  9 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, some of which are athletics, intelligence, medical histories, etc. Every person is completelyRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture Debate2673 Words   |  11 Pagesamount of social interaction is going to have a positive benefit, for young kids or any age. One of the most famous debates in Psychology is the Nature vs. Nurture debate, which has been going on since the time of Aristotle. The aspect within this debate comes to the question of; did the aspects of our behavior become because we inherited our characteristics from our parents know as the Nature? The other question leads up to our behavi or of; did we get our characteristics from what we learned from theRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : The Debate Of Nature Versus Nurture895 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs. Nurture The debate of nature versus nurture has been an ongoing debate for a long time. When applying this argument to education there is no proven winner. The nature side of the coin believes that a person is born the way that they are. This could include intelligence level or personality traits such as being outgoing or shy. The other side of the argument of nurture believes that the type of upbringing that someone has will play a large role in the way they develop. It is thought

Family and Kinship (Sociology) - 772 Words

Presented by, Shailendra Kumar Nitish Singh Amit Dogra FAMILY AND KINSHIP What family means†¦ The family forms the basic unit of social organization and it is difficult to imagine how human society could function without it. The family has been seen as a universal social institution an inevitable part of human society. FAMILY Defining â€Å"FAMILY† Various sociologists â€Å"family† in various ways: ïÆ'Ëœ G.P Murdock defines the family as a social group characterized by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children own or adopted of the sexually co-habiting adults. ïÆ'Ëœ According to Burgess and Lock, the†¦show more content†¦Consanguine family which consists of members among whom there exists blood relationship- brother and sister, father and son etc. KINSHIP Kinship is the relation by the bond of blood, marriage and includes kindered ones. Kinship includes Agnates (sapindas, sagotras); cognates (from mother s side) and bandhus (atamabandhus, pitrubandhus, and matrubandhus). Definition of KINSHIP ï‚â€" The network of social relationships which link individuals through common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. Kinship is a term with various meanings depending upon the context. It is usually considered to refer to the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated. ï‚â€" Types Of Kinship Affinal Kinship †¢ Kinship due to marriage is affinal kinship. New relations are created when marriage takes place. Not only man establishes relationship with the girl and the members of her but also family members of both the man and the woman get bound among themselves. †¢ Relation by the bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship such as parents and their children and betweenShow MoreRelatedSocietys Major Institutions: Education, Economics, Religion, and Political sectors.1608 Words   |  7 Pagesinstitutions consist of family, education, economics, religion, and political sectors. These will essentially affect everyones life by shaping their thoughts and behaviors. Each of these institutions serves its purpose to fulfill societys fundamental needs and specific goals for the overall society. All must coincide or work harmoniously to make a society. The institution of family is the most important and is based on the teachings of values, norms, statuses, and roles. The family is designed to guideRead MoreOur Kind, Different Worlds954 Words   |  4 Pages Our Kind, Different Worlds: Rachel Gossett Sociology 1010-W21 Professor Mrs. Gladson Our Kind, Different Worlds In this world, there are so many types of different people. The significant difference between people and their cultures are so diverse in their own ways. The different patterns of the way people behave and do things seem alien to others that are unaware. There are so many countries to study, and the ways they do things. The everyday habits, behaviors, religion, foodRead More1.According To Seidman There Is Three Types Of Styles Of1116 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim, sociology aim to discover social facts and sociology study phenomenon attribute society at large than limited to an individual. There are two types of societies â€Å"primitive† and â€Å"modern, organized†. Primitive is unified by mechanical solidarity. Primitive societies exhibit simplicity and uniform. (Farganis) The social structure is kinship groups. You are born to groups not assigned. The function of kinship is to assign specific social roles, regulate behaviors and kinships do not remixRead Mo reMs Nina Vagg1621 Words   |  7 Pagesskin colour. Discuss. Aboriginality is not just about skin colour. To many Australian Indigenous people their identity embodies far more complex defining elements than that of race or racial traits, such as skin colour. Cultural values such as kinship, connection to their land and spirituality are foremost in understanding the complexity of Aboriginal identity (Albrecht 1997, p.3). The Australian government’s legal definition of Aboriginality however, continues to rely upon descent, implying raceRead MoreFamily As A Social Institution Of People927 Words   |  4 PagesWe all raised to believe that from the best thing that one can have is an ideal family and growing up we all wanted to be raised in a peaceful, happy and secure family with loving parents who will be there for us no matter what physically and mentally able to provide for the family where we will be always welcomed by our parents and siblings alike and heard and respected all the time. Sociologist define the family as an intimate, dom estic and primary group, a social institution of people relatedRead MoreSociology Emile Durkheim and Max Weber1495 Words   |  6 Pagesinterested in the social order of society as the core characteristic of modernity. In 1887 Emile Durkheim became the first Professor of Sociology at the University of Bordeaux, even though there was no department of sociology developed. (Bessant amp; Watts, 2007) In France there were many war casualties by World War I. The goal of Emile Durkheim was to develop a sociology that would help his country to conquer its continuing moral crisis. In achieving this he would encompass many themes of his predecessorsRead MoreEssay on Survey on Family life1634 Words   |  7 Pages Survey of Family Life A social institution is an organized pattern of beliefs and behaviors centered on basic human needs. Family is a major social institution in our society that controls how children are brought up, and are taught how to behave and act in the world. It is a major support system, and a guide to be introduced into our society. In our Society today, when people are asked what a family is, there are many different responses. Because of the media, people often associate what theyRead MoreChanges from the 1960s1143 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is on how much the family has changed since the 1960s. This essay will contain the definitions and variations of the family and how they have changed. There will also be details of the differences of theoretical perspectives. There are many types of families; the most common family group is a nuclear family consisting of two adults of both sexes whom are in a sexual relationship, with children either biological or adopted. They must cohabitate in the same house hold and share incomeRead MoreMax Webers Theory of Rationalization Applied765 Words   |  3 PagesMax Webers has had a profound impact on sociology his theory of rationalisation and how it has changed social groups and society as a whole over time. According to Campbell (1981) Weber believed that understanding why people do the things they do is the basic building block of sociology, a concept he termed ‘Verstehen’. Weber believed that sociologists should not just study a group of people but also try to gain an empathetic understanding for the individuals in that group. Weber identified fourRead MoreSocial Roles in the Caring Profession Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagesto provide and supports each other. Such interdependence within families is seen as the moral basis of society, and therefore as requiring compromise of purely personal interests. Deregulated families :One third of the people in the study rejected all group conventions and insist that family arrangements are a private matter to be freely negotiated among those people choosing to share a household. Most consider traditional families, and especially conventional divisions of domestic labour, as sources

Barnes Noble vs. Amazon.Com Fought Since The Explosion Free Essays

Barnes Noble and Amazon. com had been in constant fight between each other since the explosion of online purchasing. Before the mid 1990’s online purchasing introduction, Barnes Noble had big dominance in bookselling, as it was the largest bookstore in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Barnes Noble vs. Amazon.Com: Fought Since The Explosion or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the entrance to the book market by Amazon. com, Barnes Noble found a big competitor, as it represented a new and innovative way of purchasing a book. Making a financial analysis on both companies, we could notice certain differences that mark advantages for both sides. The financial study was done in a span of 4 years of operation for Barnes Noble (1992-1996) and 6 years of operation for Amazon. com (1995-2001). Given numbers can be seen in Exhibit 1 and 2 for both companies. Now, with both financial reports, we can create many conclusions about both enterprises. First of all, we will talk about the increase in revenues that both experienced throughout their years. Barnes Noble Amazon. com Now, taking into consideration Barnes Noble’s chart, we can see that there is a constant growth in revenues from year to year. The average growth from year to year was of 22. 52% in the four year analysis. This is an important factor as we can notice that the company’s sales were always increasing and that the growth rate would not fluctuate throughout the years. Regarding Amazon. com’s chart, we can see that there is a huge exponential growth. On the first years of operations, Amazon suffered of a big growth in sales, having almost 3000% more sales from 1995 to 1996. Now it is important to notice how the rate lowered throughout the years to reach a 31. 50% from 2000 to 2001. We can see a huge growth in the first years because Amazon. om was something new to people as online bookselling wasn’t that famous. As people settled to the idea and competitors like Barnes Noble adjusted to this change, sales growth went down to a normal growth rate, which in average was still higher than that of Barnes Noble. With the information, we can also see that Barnes Noble achieved a higher net income than Amazon. com in the 1990’s. It is obvious that this was due to the fact that the first mentioned company had already been running for many years and that already had a fair amount of costumers, while Amazon. om was a new company trying to be known in the bookselling universe. The following charts show the information on net income for both companies in their respective periods. Barnes Noble Amazon. com We can notice that even when both companies had years in which they suffered big losses in income, they achieved to finish the period with a positive net income. It is also interesting to see how both net incomes grow throughout their respective periods, being Amazon the company with the steadiest growth rate. What we can get from the net income analysis, is that even when Amazon had a slow start due to the introduction of a new purchasing method, which almost always comes with some uncertainty from the customers, it has managed to increase its income throughout the years to the point in which it has catched up with Barnes Noble, it’s main competitor. Now, in order to know how Amazon has achieved such a growth in net income throughout the years, we have to review the ratios as percentage of sales for both companies. Barnes Noble Amazon. com When analyzing both charts, we have to take into consideration that both companies experienced a growth on net income. We can see that both cost structures are mostly similar, with the exception that Barnes Noble has to deal with infrastructure depreciation. Now, leaving aside the cost structure, let’s pay close attention to the percentages throughout the years. Both companies experience a decrease on the percentages of sales on all their structure, which is really important when expecting an income growth, but it is really impressive how big is Amazon’s decrease. They were able to mitigate every part of their cost structure in the analyzed period, which is reflected on the percentage of income out of sales that they have. Take for example the cost of sales. While Barnes Noble managed to decrease that cost in only 1% from the first to the last analyzed year, Amazon was able to decrease it in almost 5%. Thus, income percentages are also very different, having Barnes Noble with a 2% at the end of the period while Amazon had a big 7% at the end of the period. So, in conclusion we can see that the struggle between these two companies is still even and could balance to any side. Making a future prediction based on the numbers that were presented, we can assume that Barnes Noble’s revenues will remain on the same growth rate throughout the years while Amazon’s will stabilize on a certain rate and continue on it. We can also see that Barnes Noble can still change their cost structure, as Amazon did, in order to achieve much higher and more regular net incomes throughout the years. It isn’t very healthy for the company that one year they have a high net income and the next one is a big loss, as the operations are affected by it. Both financial structures will be affected by the advantages and disadvantages of online vs. traditional bookselling. In recent years, online selling has become more and more popular worldwide as people regard it as a faster, cheaper and easier way to buy the books they want. This could be reflected in higher revenues for companies such as Amazon. com and a net income decrease on the big bookstores such as Barnes Nobles. Barnes Noble (Exhibit 1) Amazon. com (Exhibit 2) How to cite Barnes Noble vs. Amazon.Com: Fought Since The Explosion, Essay examples

Standard Costing free essay sample

When actual overhead rates are used, production volume of each product affects the reported costs of all other products: This reason, which was discussed in the previous chapter on normal costing, represents an advantage of standard costing over actual costing, but does not represent an advantage of standard costing over normal costing. 3. Costing systems that use budgeted data are economical: Accounting systems should satisfy a cost-benefit test: more sophisticated accounting systems are more costly to design, implement and operate. If the alternative to a standard costing system is an actual costing system that tracks actual costs in a more timely (and more expensive) manner, then management should assess whether the improvement in the quality of the decisions that will be made using that information is worth the additional cost. In many cases, standard costing systems provide highly reliable information, and the additional cost of operating an actual costing system is not warranted. We will write a custom essay sample on Standard Costing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hotel Industry: A hotel is an establishment that provides lodging paid on a short-term basis. The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting only of a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control. Additional common features found in hotel rooms are a telephone, an alarm clock, a television, a safe, a mini-bar with snack foods and drinks, and facilities for making tea and coffee. Luxury features include bathrobes and slippers, a pillow menu, twin-sink vanities, and jacuzzi bathtubs. Larger hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a swimming pool, fitness center, business center, childcare, conference facilities and social function services Hotel rooms are usually numbered (or named in some smaller hotels and Bamp;Bs) to allow guests to identify their room. Some hotels offer meals as part of a room and board arrangement. In the United Kingdom, a hotel is required by law to serve food and drinks to all guests within certain stated hours. In Japan, capsule hotels provide a minimized amount of room space and shared facilities.

Messages and Communications Effectively †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Messages and Communications Effectively. Answer: Introduction: Proper communication is crucial in any contract. Messages and communications need to be done within time to ensure that the parties plane themselves effectively. The major issue raised in this case, is defaulting the dates for a contract and lack of proper communication. The authorized personnel to make the communication between the purchaser and vendor were able to carry their duty[1]. Therefore whether they did the communication without consultation with the vendor is an internal issue which the vendor team has to resolve independently. The main thing to make sure in this case that there must be an existing written agreement on the postponement of the payment to the later date of 6th December. If the para-legal issued a written notice that the settlement of the payment has changed, then Mary can uptake this issue to court and have it settled in her favour. If the buyer is unable to obtain the required purchasing to settle the claim, the vendor is usually under mandate to offer a notice to the buyer on when he or she should be able to settle the purchase. The vendor may offer a maximum of 14 days to the buyer to rectify the remedy and settles the said amount. In this case of Mary, what she is receiving is a cancellation of the contract[2]. Since Mary had entered into a contract, she requires a notice that the contract will be terminated and the conditions on the termination. A grace period should be offered in any contract to ensure that both parties have room to rectify the problem. Under this situation, Mary is under the period which she should be serving the notice. Therefore cancelation of the contract and withdrawing it from her will be illegal, since the para-legal may be aware that the duration up to 6th December was falling under notice. Under this case, the vendors conveyancer should be arguing on the imposition of penalty inte rest which is about 2% of the agreed amount[3]. Since the deposit is about 10%, which is too high from the amount stipulated in the law for the Penalty interest rate Act. Mary is within her mandate to request for the refund of the deposit if the vendor is not willing to sell the property to her anymore. The vendor is only allowed to take the deposit on the expiry of the rescission notice. Under this case, the vendor has not issued any notice which will mandate him or her to take away the deposit. Therefore Mary has a strong case to ensure that she either gets the deal through 14 days after the expiry of the 27th September date, which will fall in the date stipulated by the para-legal team or get back the deposit. According to Standard Form Contract for Sale of Real Estate in Tasmania, in the Standard Condition 17.1, 14 days are the clear notice duration should be provided to the purchaser to settle the agreed amount[4]. Upon the elapsing of this period is when the vendor can take action on reposition of the property and keeping the deposit. Under the failure to honour the contract due day, the law does not provide for the cancellation. Therefore vendors conveyance should be able to seek other means to resolve the dispute in this case[5]. The loss of the interest due to the delays should be the clear way out. In this case, Mary should be willing to compensate the vendor for the lost interest since she is willing to have the property. The claims on delaying of the payment under this situation do not guarantee and amount to cancellation of the deal. According to contract laws Section 3(3), all property dealings has to be in writing. Therefore under this case, we can therefore argue that Mary has a writing concerning the change of the settlement date[6]. The vendor will have no claim of anything since the team which was doing much of the paper work had issues the agreement on the change of the date. Therefore, Mary is within the stipulated guidelines and can still get the property under her name. In conclusion, it is clear that it will be difficult for Mary to lose the deposit under this situation since the vendor did not issue any notice to her. Moreover, it is clear that Mary got a written document on the change of date. This is a clear document that additional information was offered in the contract. References Beatson, J., A. S. Burrows, John Cartwright, and William Reynell Anson. Anson's law of contract. 2016. Courtney, Thomas B., G. Brian Hutchinson, Da?ibhi? O'Leary, and Thomas B. Courtney. 2012. The law of companies Gullifer, Louise, and Stefan Vogenauer. 2017. English and European perspectives on contract and commercial law: essays in honour of Hugh Beale. McKendrick, Ewan. Contract Law. 2017. https://nls.ldls.org.uk/welcome.html?ark:/81055/vdc_100044915165.0x000001. NSW Society of NSW and REI NSW Contract for Sale of Land. NSW: Law Society of NSW and REI NSW - Contract for the Sale of Land; Vic: Law Institute of Victoria and REI Vic - Contract of Sale of Real Estate; ACT: Law Society of the ACT Standard Form Contract for Sale of Real Estate in Tasmania, in the Standard Condition 17.1 Stone, Richard, and James Devenney.. The modern law of contract. 2018. https://lib.myilibrary.com?id=1016907.

Flower Decoration Essay Example For Students

Flower Decoration Essay TABLE DECORATION There is a lot of room for creativity in a table arrangement. The table is a great stage to tell a story through the use of candles, statuary, musical instruments any objects that have meaning for you. You can convey a theme for the occasion using memorabilia or traditional decorations. The buffet table lends itself to an elaborate still life of flowers, fruits and vegetables. Create a centerpiece still life where you can’t tell where the decorations end and the food begins. Centerpieces The placement of centerpieces fall into three main categories: 1. The arrangement is placed in the center of a table with guests seated all around. 2. The arrangement is placed at the ends or at one side of a table   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. The arrangement is seen from three sides and is designed for buffet tables where no one is seated, but where food and beverages are served.   Ã‚   In the first category, the arrangement is created to be viewed from all sides. It is fairly low, below chin level, so diners can see each other. Focal flowers are placed throughout the design and a few line flowers extend above eye level for contrast. Candles should be either very short or very tall so they dont block conversation or isolate guests. In the second category, where the floral arrangements are spaced at the two ends of a long table or where one bouquet occupies the center of one side of a table, the size of the arrangements can be much larger. They occupy space normally occupied by one seated guest. Since there are no individual place settings at a buffet, the floral composition should be in scale with the size of the table and the amount of food being served. A very large buffet table may use a large arrangement place in the center towards the back with two smaller ones echoing the colors and style of the main design at either ends. SHAPING UR FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS PROPORTIONS All good flower arrangements have pleasing proportions which means it looks comfortable within the size, shape and style of container. If you are showing a single perfect bloom in a bud vase then you can disregard all but the first rule. These are the basic rules for good flower arranging: 1. Low  arrangements should be a little wider than their container. Tall  arrangements should be 1 1/2 to 2 times taller than their container. 2. If your arrangement has a  theme  choose or make a container big enough to hold your arrangement. 3. Put enough  oasis  in the base to fill it up level with the top of the container. Cut off any that goes above the lip of the container. 4. Imagine an invisible outline of the shape you want to create and chose which side will be the front of your arrangement. 5. Choose your tallest and widest flowers and arrange them in your container first within the outline of your chosen shape. 6. Fill in around the base and lower part of the arrangement with more large blooms. 7. Working up and outward user smaller blooms or filler to fill in the arrangement. 8. Use the smallest blooms, foliage and filler to hide stems, oasis and the edge of container. POOR BECOMES GOOD PROPORTIONS POOR BECOMES GOOD PROPORTIONS BALANCE There are 2 kinds of balance; asymmetrical where the 2 sides dont match but appear to have equal weight or strength to our eyes and symmetrical where the 2 sides are nearly identical. If your arrangement looks like its about to tip over then, visually, it isnt properly balanced. Good balance can be achieved following a few simple rules: 1. The bottom half of the arrangement should be BIG enough to support the weight of the top. 2. The left side should have the same amount of interest as the right side. 3. Leave a little more  s p a c e  around anything you want to stand out. 4. Keep it simple. Dont overd  esign your arrangement: too many types of flowers will look messy. Remember how well-balanced plants look in the garden all by themselves? They could be an inspiration for your arrangements. Flower arranging and Art books have lots of information about balance, proportion and scale. They can give you lots of great ideas, too. The Roots of Japanese Flower Arrangement By Ann Kameoka and H. E. Davey Flower Arrangements and Photos by Ann Kameoka ado is one of the most ancient Japanese art forms. It is often calledikebana, literally living flowers, and it is the classical art of floral arrangement that originated in Japan. (We favor the term kado in this online article, to emphasize that Japanese floral art is actually a Way of studying the essence of life itself and, as such, it is more than simply the skill of arranging living flowers. The fact that Japanese flower arrangement can, and should, function as a Way pointing toward realization is the primary focal point of this article. Many people may wonder how kado differs from Western floral art. Even more may question why you would even want to spend years studying the Japanese art of arranging flowers, when you could just grab a fist full of daisies and stuff em in a vase. Issues of culture and art aside, the prim ary difference between Western flower arrangement and kado is the Do (Way) concept itself. The Yellow Wallpaper – Journey into Insanity Essay PaperIn fact, its also easier to arrange flowers in circular fashion. This type of arrangement is laid on conference tables or on buffet tables. They can be presented to high class executives or politicians on different occasion. Triangular shape: It is a most common arrangement of flowers used in Personal and Professional functions. Firstly, height and width is fixed with flowers and then focal point is established. It is made in the triangle shape and looks very attractive. They are placed on the buffet table or in the side station. In ceremonies we can find this kind of arrangements. Crescent shape: The crescent is asymmetrical and formal. It requires lot of skill and experience. This type of arrangement is very eye catching. It is kept in the lobby of the hotel. It is used as a focal point to catch the attention of the guest.    Fan shape : It is a low arrangement and it does not interfere with conversation across the table. It is a fan or a horizontal in shape generally placed in the restaurant either in buffet or on dining table. Hotel rooms also have this kind of arrangement Hogarth or S shape: This is very graceful style of arrangement. It is easier to make when curved branches are used. Once S shape is made, flowers are filled at the center. Ikebana: means making flowers live in Japanese. People in Japan use flowers to symbolize season. They represent ideal harmony between earthy and eternal life. In each arrangement there is an imaginary triangle tallest line represent heaven, towards the heaven is man and the lowest line looking up to both is earth. This is been practiced for past 100 years. The formal type of flower arrangement is called Seika style. Floating type of arrangement is called Ukibana and basket type of arrangement is called Morimano. ere abundant flowers are amassed together and colors are mixed to form arrangements. Planning an arrangement is important keeping in mind the right size, shape, colors and type of flowers used and appropriate containers to hold the flowers. Long-lasting flowers such as Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Gladioli, Tube Roses and Orchids are ideal for a weekly once arrangement. Before buying or cutting flowers, work out the size and shape of the display. Make sure that the arrangement harmonizes with its surroundings. Many types of containers can be used : Jugs, Pots, Flower Vases, Teapots, Rustic Baskets, Bottles, Big Sea Shells, Mugs, Old Watering Cans, Terracotta Pots etc. , Different types of arrangements created in this style are : 1. Pedestal Arrangements : These are arrangements which raises above the ground or a table. Here Wet Foam is used to anchor the flowers. To strengthen the foam, wrap it with a chicken wire, carefully pressing the mesh into shape. A variety of shapes and designs can be created with flowing, downward-sweeping lines, which is known as movement. Gladioli, Roses and Carnations can be used. This type of arrangements is for special family occasions like a wedding or celebration party and it involves more work, but is always worthwhile. 2. Wall Arrangements : Vases in cone, horn or shell-shaped, flat on one side with generously flowing flowers and foliage hung on a blank wall will immediately make a bright wall art. A wall basket can also be used as a container. 3. Rings and Wall Wreath Arrangement : Here Foam Rings can be used to anchor flowers and foliage or the Wreath base can be of twisted branches and decorated with Fruits and dry material. Button roses, Apple, Pine Cones, Sweet peas, Larkspur, Hydrangeas can be used. A Wreath with Wheat and bright flowers surrounding a terracotta candle bowl will illuminate dark evenings. 4. Flower Spheres : They make colorful hanging arrangements. Both fresh flowers and dried flowers can be used. 5. Small Arrangements : Delicate arrangements can be created using delicate Ferns and tiny flowers in small containers. The containers can be Perfume bottles, tiny wine glasses, miniature boxes etc. , 6. Large Arrangements : A large arrangement would be appropriate in a spacious hall or in a dining area. Large containers in different shapes can be used. Gerberas, Madonna Lily, Gladioli, Alstroemeria, Tube Roses, Roses, Long and short stalked Foliage in different combinations can be used to fill the container. Welcome to Babybouquets. Babybouquets  prides itself on delivering unique, eye-catching gifts for families of new babies. Professionally designed and individually created with love, each gift is made with baby’s clothing and accessories, wrapped and presented as bouquets of flowers and other distinctive baby gifts. Perfect for the new parents – long lasting, beautiful and ultimately useful, each bouquet or gift can be unwrapped and worn or used by the baby in their first few months.

Nokia Essays - Brand Management, Marketing, Nokia, CAC 40

Nokia Nokia SWOT STRENGTHS Nokia has long established identity (1898); lots of available resources (financial, etc.) Schmohl is experienced in international marketing (Adidas and Uniroyal) Nokia has high penetration rate in Europe, especially in Northern countries (close to 100%) Nokia Consumer Electronics has access to innovative technology through group companies WEAKNESSES Lack of centralized marketing strategy and champion; completely different positioning strategy depending on the country Too many brand names (100) in one market; problem trying to find balance Corporate culture is highly technical and operational: So what if the customer does not understand!; lack of customer service priority OPPORTUNITIES Potential for brand name sales in Europe = differentiation Growing replacement and supplement television market NCE has opportunity of using its technology to enhance user-friendliness THREATS The market for color TVs and VCRs is a mature/saturated market; consumers are buying less often and only to replace older units (same trend for all countries across Europe) Can't differentiate based on technical advancement or price; competitors too fast to match Impact of recent purchases (for example, Sony) and mergers is unknown; competitors are getting larger and integrating supply chains Competitors (Samsung, Goldstar, Daewoo) quickly and successfully building brand name and image Branding Strategy In the colour TV market, neither technology nor price provides a competitive advantage. The decision a consumer makes to purchase is primarily motivated by emotion, and is driven largely by comfort level with a particular brand. A successful branding strategy for NCE is, therefore, critical to gaining a competitive advantage. Specifically, NCE should brand for the following reasons: Competitive advantage is gained through brand name (not technology or price) According to brand awareness studies, Nokia is recognized most of the time (in Germany, France, Italy, UK and Norway), but not necessarily affiliated with consumer electronics such as TVs and VCRs Consumers buy televisions based on emotion Consumers perceive value in features that are marketed as user-friendly In the past Nokia has relied heavily on its ability to innovate?it is a strong technology company. However, it is not good at introducing or packaging this technology for consumers. Schmohl must introduce a new mindset to NCE; a strategic shift that encourages customer service and international marketing. Internal Management Challenge Schmohl faces at least two challenges within NCE that he must address immediately: 1. Lack of a marketing champion in corporate headquarters 2. A continued reliance on technology as the main marketing approach. For example, the remote control TV mouse is centered on technology and may frighten away potential customers who may perceive it as too technical. Options for solving these include: (1) push down his ideas and force all to comply using his positional power; (2) soft approach?gradually getting buy-in to his plans from technical representative, sales and marketing. Option 1 is not viable since even though it may result in short-term agreement, it will result in resignations, poor morale and distrust in senior management over the long run. Since the change process can be slow, Schmohl should adopt option 2 that means getting buy-in at the senior management level. If there is disagreement at the highest level of the company on international marketing strategy, then the same can be expected throughout the ranks of the company. For example, the vice-president of engineering may agree on the surface, but tell his employees to continue to do what they have always done (don't play the new marketing tapes at the fairs, etc.). Getting Buy-in from the Dealer Network The dealer network is critical to their branding strategy. If a dealer is not satisfied or confident with a manufacturers market position, they may lead a potential buyer to a competitive brand. NCE must maintain its strong brand-marketing program. And it needs to dealers to support them or they will fail. To do this, Schmohl should be willing to increase margins to dealers or incentive programs to encourage them to sell the Nokia brand vision and concept. Ultimately a successful marketing campaign will draw customers into the dealer's door. If Nokia is foremost in their mind, we want the dealer to sell them Nokia, not attempt to switch to a competitive brand. Customer Brand Awareness and Association The Nokia brand name

The War On Alcohol Essay Example For Students

The War On Alcohol Essay A CAPITAL OR OTHERWISE INFAMOUS CRIME NOR BE DEPRIVED OF LIFE WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW THE DEATH PENALTY UPHOLD THE CONSTITUTION BY PROTECTING THE PUBLIC AND RIDDING THE COUNTRY OF OFFENDERS WITH DUE PROCESS OF LAW. From 1882 through 1951 there were 4,730 recorded lynchings by vigilantes in the U.S, with many of them being highly public affairs. Even when miscreants were afforded a trial and executed in accordance with law, such events were often local in nature. For example, while states such as New York electrocuted condemned prisoners at Sing Sings electric chair as early as the late 19th century, in states such as Missouri hangings were conducted at local county jails as late as 1937. We will write a custom essay on The War On Alcohol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The race and the crime seem to play a huge role in the determination of the sentencing. For example if a black male had stolen like a candy bar out of a store, and got 10 years, that proves its more than likely an issue of race than the crime. But also if a black man murders someone, the death penalty is probably going to be a sentence, and a sentence of justice in my opinion. In a lot of state death penalty cases, the race of the victim is much more important than the prior criminal record of the defendant, or the actual circumstances of the crime. A study by the Bureau of Justice stated that more than one-half of people the people on death row are of color. Race and the crime are a very important factor in determining who is going to be sentenced to die. Several studies have been shown that the role of race in the death penalty, they include a study in 1990, a report from the General Accounting Office that stated that in 82 of the cases reviewed the race of the victim was found to influence the punishment for the crime. A black man who kills a white person is 11 times more likely to receive a death sentence than if a white person kills a black stated John Monty of the Bureau of Justice. And of blacks, which kill blacks, they even have less to worry about; its almost like saying, oh, well, he needed killing anyhow! In 1991, in Texas, blacks made up 12% of the population, but 48% of the prison population and 55.5% of those on death row are black says the death penalty information center. Since 1988, the federal government has reviewed 92 death penalty cases. Of these cases; 56 defendants were black, 11 were Hispanic, 5 were Asian, and 20 were Caucasian. From 1930 through 1989, 3,939 people were executed in the United States, and 54% of them were black. In my opinion, the death penalty is a must. Baring in mind that the idea of putting another human to death is hard to completely fathom. The physical mechanics involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death sentence on another person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond my own understanding. I know it must be painful, dehumanizing, and sickening. However, this act is sometimes necessary and it is our responsibility

Net Effects essays

Net Effects essays The excessive amount of entertaining hours spent on the "International Super Highway" is simply not worth the long-term effects that come with it. Though the Internet provides the material joys of life - music, movies, games - as well as worldwide communication 24 hours a day, the 'Net does have it's set-backs. A few effects of Internet addiction include: "house -arrest," fallen grades at school, as well as the breaking up of personal relationships. When the need to go on the Internet becomes an addiction, staying at home is common ground. It becomes a routine of spending hours in front of the computer from dawn till dust, only leaving the screen for a snack or short break. In addition, the immeasurable amount of hours devoted to the Internet, neglects the time spent for homework and studying for school. Eventually, grades do fall and poor time management is certain. Grades are not the only elements that fall apart, but as do personal relationships with family and friends. Th e need to spend time on the computer rather than with those who are near and dear to you can most certainly break the bonds of a relationship. Similar to studies, friends and family can be neglected as well. Undoubtedly, spending an excessive amount of time on the Internet can result in drastic consequences. It can not only be addicting, but it can also lead to a negative change in your academics, and but personal life for sure. The saying that "Too much of anything, isn't good for you," proves accurate in Internet usage. ...

Abortion and Politics essays

Abortion and Politics essays abortion: n. 1. Induced termination of a pregnancy and expulsion of an embryo or fetus that is incapable of survival. 2. A miscarriage. 3. Cessation of normal growth, esp. of a body part, prior to full development or maturation. 4. An aborted organism. 5. Something malformed or incompletely developed; a monstrosity. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. So wrote the founders of our country: the authors of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. They stated that one of our most undeniable rights, as a citizen in this country, is the right to life. But when does life begin? It is the question that has fueled the debate over abortion since the landmark Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973. Although the controversy regarding the issue has traditionally fallen to a more religious and moral debate, it still has powerful political implications and can easily stir great amounts of emotion in the political arena. Women had been obtaining abortions illegally for countless years before Roe, and the public was calling for change. The political fervor led to a climax when Jane Roe entered the courts challenging the abortion law in her state of Texas. The Texas State law regarding abortion had remained virtually unchanged since its establishment in 1857. The law stated that it was a crime to procure an abortion except in the event that it was procured or attempted by medical advice for the purpose of saving the life of the mother. Jane Roe (a pseudonym since she wanted to remain anonymous) brought her case that challenged the law to the Supreme Court. Roes lawyers realized that by the time the lawsuit would be heard, the plaintiff would no longer be pregnant; therefore, they brought the s...

The Elements of Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Elements of Poetry - Essay Example Both the poets talks about their childhood experiences in a different mood. Sharon Olds Born was born in San Francisco on November 19, 1942, and she earned a BA at Stanford University and a PhD at Columbia University. Her poetry talks about life and acceptance and one of the reviewer for New York Times writes’ "Her work has a robust sensuality, a delight in the physical that is almost Whitmanesque. She has made the minutiae of a woman's everyday life as valid a subject for poetry as the grand abstract themes that have preoccupied other poets" (Olds). Robert Hayden was born on August 4, 1913 and he was a celebrated American poet and an educator. The poems â€Å"Late Poem to My Father† by Sharon Olds and â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden portrays their childhood life and takes the readers on an emotional journey. Sharon Olds’ poem â€Å"Late Poem to My Father† illustrates the effect of a childhood trauma and how it can effect adulthood. The tone of the poem is sad and it evoke the traumatic childhood of her father. The narrator gives her childhood a voice and she experienced an epiphany in which she tries to understand her father’s abusive behavior and even forgive him for all the heartache.

R#4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

R#4 - Essay Example According to the author, the term emergent bilingualism associates with a development process among the learners, and it is likely to motivate them to be efficient in learning English. In addition, referring to the children as second language learners creates an impression that they are, and may always be, inferior to native speakers. Garcia’s explanation of the basis of the American classification of limited English learners also explains the classification’s discriminative scope that could lead to stigmatization. Using the term emergent bilingualism is therefore better for psychological and social well being of the non-native children (Garcia, 2009, page 322, Line 18- 29, Page 323, Line 1- 16). The concept of emergent bilingualism is also significant to educators, whose objective is to promote learning outcomes. In using the concept, educators will be focusing on positive aspects of the students’ language background and appreciating the student’s native language could also help them to understand English and even improve their proficiency. Bentham & Hutchins (2012, Page 22, Line, 1-4) argues that children are the target of learning and therefore define their learning environment and things that motivate them. Creating a negative attitude among children, by calling then second language learners or limited English proficient students will therefore promote an environment of negative attitude and lack of motivation. A transition to the concept of emerging bilingualism will therefore help teachers to facilitate students’ performance. Similarly, the concept is likely to promote a positive approach to policy making by focusing on the students’ strengt hs instead of weakness (Garcia, 2009, Page 323, Line 1-4). I also agree with Garcia’s opinion that bilingualism will be an important aspect of the society (Garcia, 2009, Page 325, Line 14-17), and this is because of the increasing wave of

The Concept of Choice Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Concept of Choice Architecture - Essay Example The present research has identified that in many of the publications concerning choice architecture, the idea of using choice architecture to make better choices has been emphasized. This is called libertarian paternalism which advocates freedom of choice. As such, people should be free to make choices and to opt out of programs as they wish. In 2012 a Committee of MPs suggested a relaxation of the NEST pension scheme in order to make it more attractive. This would involve elimination of the limit on how much can be paid in and the transfer of existing pension pots into the pension scheme. Currently, the workplace pension policy implemented by the UK government allows employees to opt out of the plan. Hence, the ability to opt out of the plan reflects libertarian paternalism. The resulting impact is that the employers as well as the government – as choice architects – have pointed the employees to a direction where they can attain a greater benefit. Meaning, the choice architects have enabled employees to make better choices that benefit them. The involvement of choice architects in libertarian paternalism is of vital importance. Choice architects enable better choices by nudging people. Nudge is an action used figuratively to suggest enablement or encouragement of people so that better choices can be made. So a choice architect points the individual to the decision which is beneficial but without restricting one’s freedom of choice or attempting to influence their choices or forcing the outcome on them. In the end choice architecture is an approach to make better decisions by focusing on intricacies and directing the decision maker through a relevant context.

Hazardous waste management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Hazardous waste management - Essay Example In line with this, it is common place for industries to reclaim, or recover spent solvents such as acetones from waste products. In addition, industries reclaim some metals from hazardous waste materials from industrial facilities to recover metals such as lead, which is the most reclaimed metal from industrial waste (EPA, 2013). It is essential to point out that recycling of hazardous waste does not only involve the aspect of reclaiming useful products from waste materials. However, industries also reuse the waste that they produced in their manufacturing processes. For example, industries that deal with smelting of zinc reuse the hazardous waste products they produce during the processing of zinc. In this regard, these industries return the emission control dust into the furnace that was primarily smelting the zinc (EPA, 2013). In effect, these industries reuse this waste product and ensure that the hazardous waste does not pollute the environment. On the other hand, it is vital to point out that hazardous waste products can be used directly into the land, which makes the land fertile, or incorporated into other products that make fertilizer (EPA,

Presentation Critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation Critiques - Essay Example The presentation also included real life examples of people who had been highly successful as civilized engineers. The listeners were expected to be effective in having an ethical approach in all the future engineering tasks. The information as delivered by the presenter would be beneficial in different engineering. The approach of the presentation was generic so as to be beneficial for the diverse nature of the audience. The presentation was carefully planned and delivered in a proper scientific manner. The information delivered was precise, properly arranged and was specific to the context. The slides had a good flow and continuity giving it a good narrative style. Catchy slide backgrounds and attractive color settings gave the audience a good visual effect. The selection of the font and other settings could add more authenticity to the whole presentation. Through the slide styles, the presenter ensured to be serious in areas required and to be jovial wherever required. The presenter also did well with the fluency in flow of information. The language chosen by the presenter to connect between two slides made the presentation quite attractive. The prime element of attraction in the narration of the presenter was that it could give an exact idea to the audience on what to expect in the slides which followed. However, the presenter lacked the skill to communicate to the crowd through the body language . There was hardly any eye contact with the audience. This made the presentation totally non interactive. However the use of proper animations and graphics in the slides negated this lacking and made the audience concentrate right from the beginning till the end of the presentation. A number of tables were included in the slides which explained the factual quite efficiently. The bulleted captions gave precise direction to the audience. These elements along with the diagrams made the slides interesting and thus could get the full attention of

Q8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Q8 - Essay Example ast that everyone has difficulty keeping up with them and developing conclusive interpretations about their effects on organizations (Weitz and Shenhav 2000). The balanced-scorecard measures would help to identify advances in technology, especially computer, information, and communications technology, have presented organizations and managers with dramatic new challenges and opportunities, and researchers have been pressing to develop the theoretical and research grounding needed to understand and manage these developments. The rapid advent of computer applications, the Internet, and other forms of information and communication technology have major implications for organizations and their management, but people have trouble saying exactly what effects they have and why. As for effects on public organizations, especially until recently, research has been scarce. The rational for the balanced-scorecard is to investigate and analyze new trends in information systems application and the ir impact on communication, effects on corporate design, structure and productivity. The framework helps to explain why even very similar technological initiatives can have very different outcomes, because of different organizational and institutional influences on their implementation. Fountain also describes how such influences raise formidable challenges for successful utilization in government, given the strong, often entrenched organizational and institutional influences. These components of the framework combine to influence the way technological initiatives play out (Castellano and Young, 2006). 2. The main criteria I will use to assess the information technology are desirability and efficiency test. The objectives of the analysis are to (1) identify the main applications of information technology in a given organization; (2) analyze their impact on a corporate organization, (3) identify the main trends and factors which influence implementation of information technology and (4)

Woodrow Wilsons Scandal

Woodrow Wilsons Scandal Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States. Wilson was born on December 28th, 1856, he was an American scholar who was best remembered for leading the United States into World War I. Woodrow was born into a religious family and also very well-educated. In 1885 future President Wilson married his first wife, Ellen Louise Axson. Ellen was the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. Wilson and Axson met at her fathers church in Rome, Georgia, they were instantly attracted to each other, together they shared a strong religious belief and an even stronger passion for arts and reading. A year into Woodrows presidency, Ellen succumbed to kidney failure brought on by Brights disease. Brights disease is involving chronic inflammation of the kidneys. The main individual involved in Woodrow Wilsons engagement/affair was Woodrow Wilson who was the 28th president and was born in 1856. Ellen Louise Axson who was born in Savannah, Georgia, graduated from Romeis Female College and was recognized for her artistic ability, she had 3 children and one died in 1905, then Axson died on August 6, 1914. Woodrow married Ellen Axson and had 3 children, Axson died then a year later after her death Wilson married Edith Galt.Galt was married to Wilson in 1915 and believes to be a descendent of Pocahontas. Wilsons affair started in his marriage with Ellen and went through his marriage with Edith. Woodrow had an affair with Mary Allen Hulbert. Hulbert met Wilson when he showed up at her door and said he was on a mission of national urgency. This scandal has many facts to prove what has happened. It was during Wilsons tenure at Princeton University that Ellen found herself in the role of the betrayed wife (Wilson A portrait). During this time Ellen had sent Wilson alone to Bermuda while she stayed home to watch after the children. Wilson was absolutely devastated by Ellens death she had been his greatest emotional support. And now suddenly she was taken away (Wilson A portrait). Before Ellen passed away she was always concerned with her husbands well being, she had the family physician make a promise to her to always make sure to look after Wilson when she no longer could. Wilson wandered alone through the White House. He was heard by his staff to mutter one phrase, again and again My God, what am I to do? (Wilson A portrait). Wilson wanted to love and support a strong woman like Ellen. Wilson was not a widower for long. He met and married Edith Bolling Galt, in December 1915 (Woodrow Wilson marries Ellen Axson in Sav annah, Georgia). The couple was introduced by Wilsons cousin and a mutual friend. In 1916 when the presidential campaign started to fire up, many of the advisors for Wilson worried that his marriage to Edith so soon after his first wifes death would become a political responsibility. Edith Bolling Galt, with whom he was in love, and would soon marry (An Honorable Affair). Edith was always at Wilsons side but her presence irritated and frustrated Wilsons advisors. ..she was accused of signing Wilsons signature without consulting him, though she insisted this was not the case and blamed the accusations on her husbands political opponents (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). In October of 1919 Wilson suffered a stroke while touring the nation to promote his plan for the League of Nations, the League of Nations was an international organization designed to prevent any further conflicts like World War I. During Wilsons recovery from the stroke Edith consumed the role of steward, screening his mail and official papers. Hulbert and Wilson met in 1907 in midwinter on the island of Bermuda. She was 44 and temporarily alone, on her yearly escape from a loveless marriage in Massachusetts. Wilson was 50, then president of Princeton University, also vacationing alone, decompressing from a grueling fight with university trustees and a popular dean over the disposition of private endowments to the graduate school. Ellen, was back in New Jersey, ailing, beset by a depression that strained their marriage (An Honorable Affair). In Bermuda the bougainvillea, a flower, was in bloom. Bermuda was the setting for an affair, Hulbert owned Shoreby, a huge, estate on the island. Hulbert entertained governors and captains of industry like Mark Twain. She was everything the Princeton president was not, vivacious, free spirited, and fun loving. Hulbert was to have said; if any letters are to exist they would only be from Wilson and give him a bad reputation. Wilson was said to ha ve been a virgin until his first marriage at 28. His long face and glasses gave him a look of impossible correct thinking, and the high starched collars and stovepipe hat in which he was frequently photographed in. Wilson seemed more modern but also unapproachable. The story of the alleged love affair, more or less, died with her Dearest friend is how the married Woodrow Wilson addresses his most ardent letters to Hulbert. With infinite tenderness is how he signs them. He was smitten (An Honorable Affair). The time of this affair ranges from 1885 to 1961. In 1885 Wilson married Ellen Axson, although they both became instantly attracted to each other they did not marry until 1885, because Ellen was unwilling to leave her heartbroken father. 27 years later, Wilson became president and Ellen became the 28th first lady; of those who knew Ellen in the White House they described her as calm and sweet, a motherly woman, pretty, and refined (Ellen Axson Wilson). In 1914 Ellen died at the age of 54, it was still the Victorian Age. Doctors didnt share any prognosis they didnt know of with the patient or the patients family, but Dr. Grayson knew Ellen, she was a steel magnolia who demanded the truth. A year after Ellens death Wilson married Edith Galt in 1915. Edith, who claimed to be directly descended from Pocahontas, was the wealthy widow of a jewelry store owner and a member of Washington high society (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). In 1916 Wilson had an affair with Mary Allen Hu lbert. Theirs may have been the most proper and dignified and discreet and downright honorable illicit affair in history. Hulbert, the woman in the hotel room, was said to have possessed compromising letters that attested to a lengthy extramarital dalliance between herself and Wilson (An Honorable Affair). 1919, Wilson had suffered a stroke. 8,000 miles in 22 days had cost Wilson his health, Wilson had just cut his tour short of the country to promote the League of Nations. Wilsons suffered constant headaches, collapsing from exhaustion in Colorado, he managed to return back to Washington to suffer a near-fatal stroke on October 2nd. Wilson left office in March of 1921, he and a partner established a law firm, Wilson died at his home on February 3, 1924 at the age of 67. Woodrow was buried in the Washington National Cathedral and he was the only president to be buried in the nations capital. Circumstances surrounding this case are results of an affair between Woodrow Wilson and Mary Allen Hulbert. That a serious sex scandal would have been devastating to Wilsons presidency, and eroded his moral authority at a critical time in history (An Honorable Affair). Hulbert said that any letters that could possibly exist would only hurt Wilsons credit and further burnish his good name. When rumors of an affair initially surfaced during Wilsons first presidential campaign in 1912, his opponent, Teddy Roosevelt, peremptorily dismissed them: You cant cast a man as a Romeo when he looks and acts so much like an apothecarys clerk (An Honorable Affair). Wilson had an eventful eight-years of presidency, the gossip of Mary Hulbert then known as by her married name, Mary Peck, escalated. , the presidents second wife, tens of thousands of his personal papers became available for publication by the Liberty of Congress (An Honorable Affair). These papers, Hulbert sold to an official biographe r, long after Wilson passed. All along There had long been rumors to that effect. Hulbert and Wilson had long denied them. But now there was, apparently, an offer on the table (An Honorable Affair). This rumor was never proven because Mary Hulbert wouldnt talk, Ms. Hulbert claims that the only letters that could possibly be found would be the ones that Wilson sent to her. The government was affected in many ways. enjoyed having her sit in the Oval Office while he conducted business, which led to accusations that she had undue influence over who was allowed access to the president (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). At this time Wilson was recovering from his stroke, Galt assumed the role of looking after Wilson, screening his mail and official papers. In their first year she convinced her scrupulous husband that it would be perfectly proper to invite influential legislators to a private dinner, and when such an evening led to an agreement on a tariff bill, he told a friend, You see what a wise wife I have! (Ellen Axson Wilson). The Wilsons preferred to being without an inaugural ball and the First Ladys entertainments were simple, but her disorganized feelings made her partys successful. The story of the alleged hotel room bribe appeared in the 1925 series of memories Hulbert wrote for the Liberty magazine, a year after Wilsons death. When i t was published, there was a one-day furor in Congress. Rep. Frank Reid, an Illinois Democrat, introduced a resolution demanding an investigation (An Honorable Affair). If Hulbert would have been right there had been much effort to give up on an innocent man and underestimate the Constitution for political gain. During this time he would abandon his lifelong caution, initiating a series of moves that would lead to his resignation from Princeton (An Honorable Affair). This would cause a political career that would lead him first to the governorship of New Jersey and then to one of the great presidents in American history. Wilson lost stature as an academic administrators but gained a national reputation as a fighter for intellectual freedom and an enemy of the monied elite (An Honorable Affair). Speaking before the next graduating class when his letters indicated a growing passion for Hulbert, he told the graduates that there are things one does for duty and things one does for joy. Had President Wilson not met Edith Galt and had been defeated in the 1916 re-election, Wilson might have married Mary Hulbert. But for a presidential candidate to have acknowledge any serious intentions toward her, a divorce, would have been, social and political suicide.The story of her alleged love affair, more or less, died with her (An Honorable Affair). Edith Wilson may never have been able to read the letters her husband wrote to Hulbert but in her last years she told Wilsons scholars Arthur S. Link and David W. Hirst that there probably wasnt much of anything in them. For the rest of Ediths life she was dedicated above all else to preserve her husbands image of greatness. As the 1916 presidential campaign heated up, many of Wilsons advisors worried that his whirlwind courtship and marriage to Edith so soon after his first wifes death would become a political liability (Woodrow Wilson marries Edith Bolling Galt). A man and a woman loved and respected each other. They did not permit whatever passion they shared to destroy marriage. What happend, happend. They took it it to their graves. Whatever degree of intimacy they enjoyed, the details should remain as one might argue these matters should remain completely, eternally, gloriously private (An Honorable Affair). Hulbert always found men with agendas, and politicians more attractive but she always denied it. It was said by Gene Weingarten that Wilson and Hulbert loved each other and that the relationship they had was a mystery to Wilsons presidency. Weingarten also had the question of But were they lovers? (An Honorable Affair). When the married Wilson addressed his letters to Hulbert it would start with Dearest friend and signed With infinite tenderness. Wilson told Hulbert he missed her when she was not in Bermuda while he was. Yet she must have instinctively realized that Wilsons secret romance had been restorative and life enhancing to h im and that, she, too, owed a debt of gratitude to Mary Hulbert (An Honorable Affair).

Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Introduction Climate change is a major world issue, average temperatures have risen across the globe by 1oC between 1906 and 2005 with a more rapid increase over the last 50 years (Conserve Energy Future, 2017], this rise has been attributed to global warming (McGrath, 2017). Emissions of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) contribute to this global warming and are known as greenhouse gases (NASA, 2017), though the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States of America stated in 2017 that CO2 was not a primary contributor to global climate change (McGrath, 2017). Energy use is a major producer of these greenhouse gases, governments around the world have put in place measures to reduce the production of these gases by introducing rules to improve energy efficiency (Conserve Energy Future, 2017]. In the UK energy use, can be broken down into 4 main areas, Transport, Domestic, Industrial and Services Sector (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). This report will look at energy usage of buildings and techniques that can be utilised to improve a buildings energy efficiency. UK Energy Usage The breakdown of the UKs energy usage across the 4 main areas in 2015 was as follows (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016): Transport 40% Domestic 29% Industry 17% Services Sector 14% The fuels used to provide this energy were a mixture of Gas, Electricity, Solid fuels, Petroleum and Bioenergy (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Both industry and transport use large amounts of energy undertaking their processes be it production lines or the operation of various modes of transport such as trains or buses rather than the running of buildings (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Energy usage is fundamental to the operation of any building be it for lighting, heating, cooling, cooking or other services such as lifts (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), with most of this energy being provided by either gas or electricity (Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, 2016). Thus, Improving the energy efficiency of a building can considerable reduce the amount of energy that is used. Over the last 30 years there has been a considerable increase in energy usage by office blocks due to the rise in the use of technologies such as large computers and the increased use of air conditioning systems (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). In the service sector office buildings are second to retail units in the levels of energy that they consume, and these office buildings contribute to 1.1% of the UK CO2 emissions each year (Pothitou, Connaughton and Torriti, 2015). Figure 1: Energy Usage of a standard Office and Efficient Office, Source: (Knissel, 1999) To become more energy efficient a building needs to use less energy to undertake the same tasks or role (International Energy Agency, 2017), as figure 1 above shows, improvements from a standard office block to a super-efficient office block can reduce energy usage by 70% (Knissel, 1999) Lighting In a commercial office, the lighting uses up to 50% of all the electricity consumed (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) and 35% of the total the energy consumption of the building (Knissel, 1999). Lighting can be broken down into several types these being access lighting, task lighting, emergency lighting and effects lighting (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). For a building to become more energy efficient attention needs to be paid to the lighting design to reduce the level of usage, technological advances mean that improvements in the efficiencies of lighting can be done in several ways (Energy Saving Trust, 2017), some of these can also be applied to existing office buildings without too much work having to be undertaken other methods need major alterations to incorporate into older buildings and are more suited to new buildings or buildings going through major refurbishment (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). The simple replacement of existing lamps within light fittings can reduce energy usage, with more modern fluorescent tubes being 25% more energy efficient than older versions and compact fluorescent lamps using up to 75% less energy than an old tungsten lamps (Irish Energy Centre, 1995), these tungsten lamps having been invented over 100ÂÂ   years ago(Energy Saving Trust, 2017) Light Emitting Diodes lamps (LEDs) are also now available and are up to 80% more efficient than the tungsten lamps (Energy.gov, 2013), when invented in the 1960s LEDs were no more efficient than tungsten lamps it has only been in the last ten years that great improvements in their efficiency has been achieved (Energy.gov, 2013). This method of energy efficiency can be applied to existing buildings without too much trouble but does have a cost over and above normal maintenance costs of changing the lamps but by the energy saved the LED lamps can pay back their extra initial cost within 3 years. (Corkhill, 2014). Another area where lighting can be made more efficient is insuring that it is only used when required and that lights are turned out when not in use (Open Technology, 2016). The use of sensors such as proximity or absence detection also means that the lights come on automatically when occupied and turn off after a period of non-occupancy (Open Technology, 2016), the dis-advantages of this can that someone sitting still at a desk may not activate the sensor and the light may go out while they are still there. Office areas can also be divided into different lighting zones with different controls for each zone, lights then only need to be on in areas of the office that are occupied or being used (Knissel 1999) leading to further efficiency.ÂÂ   The use of daylight sensors to adjust the amounts of artificial light used when there is sufficient natural light helps reduce energy usage (Carbon Trust, 2017). This may be achieved by having lights that either switch off or dim depending on levels of natural light in an area and can be used alongside lighting zones so that the lights closest to the windows dim separately when the natural light levels increase (Open Technology, 2016). Dimming controls and timers can also be utilised to minimise energy usage, it may be that less lamps operate at a lower light level at certain times of the day such as during the evenings or night while cleaning of the office is being undertaken (Open Technology, 2016). The room layouts can also play a part in energy efficiency by positioning desks to make more use of natural light and by painting walls and ceilings light colours can maximise the effectiveness of the lights (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). Thermal Comfort All individuals working in an office want to feel comfortable and not to be either to hot or too cold no matter what time of the year it is (Seton, 2015). There are 6 factors which can affect the thermal comfort of people within an office environment, these can be broken down into environmental factors and personnel factors (HSE, 2016). The 4 environmental factors being Air Temperature, Air velocity, radiant temperature and relative humidity (Harish, 2017), the other 2 factors are personnel these being clothing and metabolic heat (HSE, 2016). The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) have identified several elements of a building that will affect the thermal environment these being items such as glazing, ventilation, air tightness, thermal mass, plant and equipment, waste heat along with working patterns, activities and workforce profile (Seton, 2015). CIBSE also provide recommendations on the temperatures levels, air supply and illuminance to provide a comfort level that will be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015), this does though mean that there will be 20% that do not find it comfortable (Woods, 2015). Due to personnel preferences, it is not possible to find settings that are acceptable to all occupants and the recommendations are levels deemed to be a healthy office environment (HSE, 2016) Figure 2 CIBSE Comfort recommendations for Offices Conditions Temperature (Â °C) Air Supply per person (l/s/person) Illuminance Noise Rating (NR) Summer (Light Clothing) 22-25 8 500 35 Winter (Warm Clothing 21-23 8 500 35 Source: CIBSE Guide A: Environment Design 2015 (Woods, 2015) Many office blocks have heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) to maintain these comfort levels (Carbon Trust, 2017), figure 1 earlier in this report shows that in a standard office these systems use up to 42% of the all the energy consumed by the office block (Knissel, 1999). For the most efficient use of these HVACs systems it is important to design the buildings fabric to reduce the load imposed on these HVACs systems (Harish, 2017). For example, radiant temperature can involve both heat gain and heat loss through the structure, this is especially so near large windows, in these instances the structure can be designed with solar shading such as brise soleil or reflective blinds on elevations facing the sun to reduce solar heat gain (Harish, 2017). The windows can also be designed with triple glazed glass along with blinds that have thermal insulating properties to help reduce heat loss during the cooler months of the year (Harish, 2017). These measure help reduce the amount of work that either the cooling system or heating systems must undertake (Knissel, 1999), the disadvantage that any shading or blinds have is that they reduce the amount of natural light entering the building leading to the extra usage of artificial lighting. Heating in office buildings is usually provided by a central boiler (CIBO, 1997), the efficiency of the boiler can depend upon the fuel used, back in 1997 the typical energy efficiency for boilers based on fuel varied greatly as shown in figure 3. Figure 3 Typical Efficiency for New Boilers in 1997 Fuel Full Load Efficiency % Low Load Efficiency % Coal 85 75 Oil 80 72 Gas 75 70 Biomass 70 60 Source: (CIBO, 1997) Improvement in technology has meant boiler efficiency has greatly improved since 1997, micro combined heat and power (mCHP) boilers are now available for offices and domestic properties, prior to 2006 these were only economically available on extremely large scales (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). CHP boilers simultaneously generate useful heat and electricity making better use of the fuel being used (Ecoliving, 2017). Figure 4 Micro Combined Heat and Power Boiler Schematic. Source: (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). These combined heat and power boilers can be up to 98% efficient, with the electricity produced being either used by the building or returned to the main grid (The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016). A disadvantage of CHP is that it is only useful in a building that requires both hot water and electricity, if other methods are used for heating and hot water is only used for washing then a CHP is not practical (Dinneen, 2014). As well as improved efficiency of boilers and air conditioning systems better controls also help reduce energy usage, for every 1Â °C lower that the heating is run it reduces energy usage by up to 8% (Carbon Trust, 2017) so setting heating levels at the lower level of 21Â °C set by CIBSE rather than the upper winter level of 23oC can reduce the energy usage by up to 16%. In open plan areas controls to both heating and cooling should also not be accessible to the occupants as there could be instances where one individual turns up the heating in their area and another turns down the air conditioning in their zone and the two systems then try to work against each other (Carbon Trust, 2017). Some areas of a building such as computer hub rooms will require cooling all year due to the heat generated by the equipment within them (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003), the use of a heat recovering system can be utilised to use this heat for other parts of the building reducing the load put on the heating systems and reducing the energy usage (Energytechs, 2017). These heats recovering units operate by using hot air from within the building to heat fresh cool air from the external environment (Energytechs, 2017) this warmed fresh air is then circulated around the building reducing the heating requirements (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) Figure 5 Heat Recovery Unit, Source: Energytechs, 2017 Conclusion Technology and energy efficiency of services for buildings is continually improving this can be seen by the advances in LED technology for lighting and the use of Combined Heat and Power boilers in smaller scale buildings that have advanced over the last 20 years (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003). Buildings can only be built as energy efficient as the technology available at the time of construction, some energy efficiency measures can be installed later if the technology becomes available but this can be costly and disruptive (Wade, Pett and Ramsay, 2003) It is though important when considering energy efficiency of buildings services to ensure that comfort levels for occupants are maintained for the tasks they are undertaking and are not compromised to achieve great energy efficiency (Irish Energy Centre, 1995) Modern technology makes more use of automated controls to assist in improving energy efficiency within buildings, this helps to remove occupants interference with controls and the potentially unbalancing of the systems resulting in more energy usage. As already mentioned earlier in this report the guidance figures given by CIBSE will only be acceptable to 80% of the occupants (Woods, 2015) the other 20% will be looking to alter the settings to suit their requirements so good communication with the occupants on the reasons the strategy for control settings will help with the implementation of the energy efficiency measures (Irish Energy Centre, 1995). References Carbon Trust, 2017, [Online] Available at: https://www.carbontrust.com/resources/guides/energy-efficiency/lighting/ [Accessed on 15th March 2017] CIBO, 1997. Energy Efficiency Industrial Boiler Efficiency [Online] Available at: http://invenoinc.com/file/Energy-Efficieny-adn-Industrial-Boiler-Efficiency.pdf [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Conserve Energy Future, 2017. 35 Surprising Facts about Global Warming. [Online] Available at:ÂÂ   http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-global-warming-facts.php [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Corkhill, K. 2014. 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Extreme an Unusual Climate trends continue after record 2016 [Online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39329304 [Accessed on 21st March 2017] NASA, 2017. Global Climate Change, Vital Signs of the Planet [Online] Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Accessed on 14th March 2014] Open Technology, 2016, Intelligent Lighting Controls [Online] Available at: http://www.opentechnologyuk.com/ligo/ [Accessed on 15th March 2017] Pothitou, M., Connaughton, J. and Torriti, J. 2015, Energy Demand Working practices in Office Buildings [Online] Available at: https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/tsbe/MaryPothitou_TSBE_Conference_Paper_2015.pdf [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Seton, 2015. Thermal Comfort in the workplace [Online] Available at: http://www.seton.co.uk/legislationwatch/article/thermal-comfort-workplace/ [Accessed on 21st March 2017] The Renewable Energy Hub, 2016. Micro Combined Heat and Power [Online] Available at: https://www.renewableenergyhub.co.uk/micro-combined-heat-and-power-micro-chp-information/how-does-microchp-work-in-a-home-or-business.html#jump_21929 [Accessed on 25th March 2017] Wade, J., Pett, J. and Ramsay, L., 2003, Energy efficiency in offices: assessing the situation [Online] Available at: http://pett-projects.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/ACE-Research-2003-05-Energy-Efficiency-in-offices-Assessing-the-situation-report1.pdf [Accessed on 14th March 2017] Woods, P., 2015. CIBSE Guide A: Environment Design 2015, LONDON: Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers.